types of translation

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faithfulness, spirit and truth. early attempts at systematic translation theory faithfulness, spirit and truth. types of translation lecture 4 types of equivalence translation equivalence does not mean that source and target texts are identical. it is a degree of similarity between source and target texts, measured on a certain level. viewed from the semiotic angle, the source and target texts can be identical pragmatically, semantically and structurally. every text should be equivalent to the source text pragmatically, which means that the both texts should have one and the same communicative function. the target text should have the same impact upon the receptor as the source text has. semantic identity implies describing the same situation, using similar lexical meaning of the units, and similar grammatical meaning of the elements. pragmatic level first and foremost, the translation must retain the same communicative function as the source text. the description and enumeration of …

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parallel lexical or structural units in these counterparts. therefore, their content is different, the word semes are different, grammar relations between the sentence components are different. nevertheless, the utterances correspond to each other in their communicative functions and in the similarity of the described situation. because of this identity, v. komissarov calls this type of equivalence «identification of the situation». frequently one and the same situation is referred to in different languages. this is particularly true of set phrases: fragile. – осторожно: стекло! beware of the dog! – осторожно, злая собака! push/pull – от себя/к себе. some situations cannot be translated: for example, приятного аппетита! has no corresponding phrase in english. in place of this lacuna, english people use the french idiom bon appetit!. there is also no equivalent for the russian с легким паром. semantic paraphrase dealing with the transformation of meaning implies a semantic variation, or semantic paraphrase …

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equivalence on the transformational level, which is called by v. komissarov the level of the invariant meaning of the syntactic structure. this level of equivalence presupposes retention of the utterance function, the description of the same situation, the same meaning of the source and target sentences, and a very close (but variable) grammatical meaning. lexical and grammatical equivalence on this level, the most possible semantic semilarity between the source and target sentences is found: every mother loves her children. i will write you every week. as a matter of fact, this is a word for word translation where each word and the whole structure retains its lexical and grammatical meaning, the situation designated by the sentences is identical, and the communicative function of the utterances is the same. every form of the target sentence is equal, with no variations, to that of the source language sentence. therefore, this level might …

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depends on a number of factors, such as the aim of the author, the requirements of the text, the perception by the receptor. what level of equivalence is better in translating the phrase the rain in spain stays mainly on the plain in the famous musical “my fair lady”? in russian musicals eliza pronounces another tongue twister: карл у клары украл кораллы, and it is much better than might be a word for word translation дождь в испании выпадает главным образом на равнинах, since the author’s (and the translator’s) aim was to show miss doolittle’s cockney speech but not convey the weather forecast. pragmatics of translation seems to dominate all other aspects of this type of communication. types of translation techniques to transfer a form from one language to another with different alphabets, the translator either copies the form by the letters of the target language or changes it by …

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nsformations, complex (lexical and grammatical) transformations. translation transcription a practical transcription is an interlinguistic operation as it deals with two languages: the sounds of the source language word are rendered by the letters of the target languge: anchorage – анкоридж, oakland - окленд. because the english (latin) and russian (cyrillic) alphabets and sounds do not coincide, there are special rules for representing english sounds by russian letters and russian sounds by english letters. 1. transcribing english sounds with russian letters: interdental [ d] correspond to the russian т: thatcher – тэтчер, thackeray – теккерей. sometimes these sounds correspond to the russian c, which is a bit outdated: galsworthy – голсуорси. in greek words, the interdental sound is rendered by the russian ф: athens – афины, themistocles – фемистокл. the english [w] is transmitted by the letter у if followed by a vowel: william – уильям, wilder – уайлдер. but when …

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faithfulness, spirit and truth. early attempts at systematic translation theory faithfulness, spirit and truth. types of translation lecture 4 types of equivalence translation equivalence does not mean that source and target texts are identical. it is a degree of similarity between source and target texts, measured on a certain level. viewed from the semiotic angle, the source and target texts can be identical pragmatically, semantically and structurally. every text should be equivalent to the source text pragmatically, which means that the both texts should have one and the same communicative function. the target text should have the same impact upon the receptor as the source text has. semantic identity implies describing the same situation, using similar lexical meaning of the …

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