north germanic languages

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theme: theme: north germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova germanic tribes used 3 (three) different alphabets for their writings. these alphabets partly succeeded each other in time. the earliest of these was the runic alphabet, each separate letter being called rune. runes have a very peculiar look for eyes accustomed to modern european alphabets. next comes ulfila's gothic alphabet (4th century). this is the alphabet of ulfila's gothic translation of the bible, a peculiar alphabet based on the greek alphabet, with some admixture of latin and runic letters. in editions of the gothic text a latin transcription of the gothic alphabet is used. the latest alphabet to be used by germanic tribes is the latin alphabet. it superseded both the runic and gothic alphabet when a new technique of writing was introduced. the material now used for writing was either parchment or papyrus. introduction of the latin alphabet accompanied the spread …

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erent languages had separate and original meaning, which didn't fully coincide with another one in the second language. like all others components of language, runes endured numerous changes: in form, style of writing, system of sounds and letters, which expressed them. we can say that these alphabets took wide spreading not only among scandinavian and german tribes, but we can also trace its penetration in celtic and slavonic languages. now runes keep their main original meaning - in the beginning they were the symbols of fortunetelling lore with sacred sense and mystic signs (the general matter why they didn't get wide diffusion before ad). even the word "rune" corresponds as "secret" (compare old celtic "run", middle welsh "rown", modem german "raunen"). the last 1000 years in iceland runes have been used for divination. in anglo-saxon england the hours of king council were called "runes”. the most important sources about runic …

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sources of origin, for a taste greek language, which gave the birth to north italian writing, had a good many of meaning for every sign. this tradition was inherited by etruscan alphabet and later by runic one. however, christian chronicles of 9- 12c, known as «songs», revealed information about rune names and their meanings. every rune in it conforms to one strophe, which begins with this rune and its name. in its turn, the name begins with its sound. the whole system is divided into 2 parts - futarks (arises from the first symbols - f, u, th, a, r, k: old futark (runes of old german origin - o.f.) and late futark (modifications of o.f. in northumbrian, frisian and anglo-saxon alphabets). 24 signs traditionally gradate into 3 groups of 8 symbols called atts ("part of land" or "kin" compare scot. “lairt”, ireland “aird”). the origin of futark remains the …

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pictures: rune "fehu" f symbolizes cattle, thurisaz q 1, - thorn, wunjo w - weathercock, algiz z - elk, zin xxslightning, y r u - bow, edhwaz m - horse.the top of development and complete formation of ra system was in 1-2 c. ad. the number of runes in alphabet varied in the course of time. 28 sings appeared in the middle of the 6-th c in britain where german runes penetrated in the 5-th c. with anglo-saxon invasion, frisian futark was improved by the some additions and changes (mostly combined runes) and numbered 29 units. in northumberland 33 rune system existed already, with the mixture of celtic runes. whilst on the continent of went through the number of other changes. in the middle of the 7-th c. the tendency to simplification appeared - some runes changed in inscription, some were lost. to the middle of the 10-th c. the …

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c alphabet. it has got nothing in common with "gothic" variants of romanticism period: the real gothic writing system was used by the goths on gothland island and later on the territory of poland, lithuania and even north black sea coast. in the 6-th c. gothic bishop ulfila invented parallel variant of gothic alphabet. creating it, ulfila took the range of common greek letters and perfected some runic sings, which existed already, with the aim to paint them with brush. during 5 following centuries it was used by west goths in spain and in the south of france. but in 1018 toledian counsel decreed to prohibit all runic alphabets as vane and pagan ones. it is clear from letter names and their order that ua is younger than other ra. so we can trace greek and latin influence in the system. we haven't got any historical confirmations, that slavonic people …

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theme: theme: north germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova germanic tribes used 3 (three) different alphabets for their writings. these alphabets partly succeeded each other in time. the earliest of these was the runic alphabet, each separate letter being called rune. runes have a very peculiar look for eyes accustomed to modern european alphabets. next comes ulfila's gothic alphabet (4th century). this is the alphabet of ulfila's gothic translation of the bible, a peculiar alphabet based on the greek alphabet, with some admixture of latin and runic letters. in editions of the gothic text a latin transcription of the gothic alphabet is used. the latest alphabet to be used by germanic tribes is the latin alphabet. it superseded both the runic …

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