scientific interests on germanic languages

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modern german language scientific interests on germanic languages plan: 1 phonetic of german languages 2. word stress 3. consonants. 4. proto-germanic consonant shift introduction all the germanic languages of the past and present have common linguistic features; some of these features are shared by other groups in the ie family, others are specifically germanic. word stress it is known that in ancient ie, prior to the separation of germanic, there existed two ways of word accentuation: musical pitch and force stress. the position of the stress was free and movable, which means that it could fall on any syllable of the word – a root-morpheme, an affix or an ending – and could be shifted both in form-building and word-building. both these properties of the word accent were changed in pg. force and expiratory stress became the only type of stress used. in early pg word stress was still as …

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carl verner. they are known as verner’s law. verner’s law explains some correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict grimm’s law and were for a long time regarded as exceptions. according to verner’s law all the early pg voiceless fricatives [f, th, x] which arose under grimm’s law, and also [s] inherited from pie, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless. the voicing occurred in early pg at the time when the stress was not yet fixed on the root-morpheme. the sound ‘z’ was further affected in western and northern germanic: z→r. this process is known as rhotacism. as a result of voicing by verner’s law there arose an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the word, termed grammatical interchange. part of the forms retained a voiceless fricative, while other forms – with a different position …

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he official languages of switzerland,luxembourg, and belgium; and a recognised minor language in many other countries, including italy, slovenia, hungary, namibia, and poland. further, german is the second most commonly used scientific language and the third largest contributor to research and development. it is also a dominant language in business, culture, history, literature, philosophy and theology. worldwide, germany is ranked number 5 in terms of annual publication of new books. one tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world are published in german. german is also the third most used language used by websites. history the germanic-speaking area of the holy roman empire around ad 962. the history of the german language begins with the high german consonant shift during the migration period, which separatedold high german dialects from old saxon. the earliest evidence of old high german is from scattered elder futhark inscriptions, especially in alemannic, from the …

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, also known as meißner-deutsch (german from the city ofmeissen). this language was based on eastern upper and eastern central german dialects, and preserved much of the grammatical system of middle high german, unlike the spoken german dialects in central and upper germany, which had, at that time, already begun to lose the genitive case and the preterite tense. copies of luther's bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. roman catholics initially rejected luther's translation, and tried to create their own catholic standard of the german language (gemeines deutsch)—the difference in relation to "protestant german" was minimal. it was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, ending the period of early new high german. until about 1800, standard german was mainly a written language: in urban …

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g period, and were primarily german at that time. some cities remained mainly non-german, but most cities, such as prague, budapest, bratislava, zagreb (german: agram), andljubljana (german: laibach), were primarily german during this time, despite being surrounded by territory where other languages were spoken. in the eastern provinces of banat and transylvania (german name: siebenbürgen), german was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—such as temeswar (timisoara), hermannstadt (sibiu) and kronstadt (brasov)—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. switzerland linguistic map of switzerland, 2000 in switzerland, a number of local dialects are spoken in the german-speaking cantons, but the swiss variety of standard german is used as a written language. it is one of the main languages, along with french, italian, and romansh. standardization spread of the german language in 1910, including areas where german speakers were a minority spread of the german language since …

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ndard german was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the german-speaking area until well into the 19th century. media and written works are now almost all produced in standard german (often called hochdeutsch ("high german")) which is understood in all areas where german is spoken. the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the german language is found within the deutsches wörterbuch. thisdictionary was created by the brothers grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860. in 1860, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the duden handbook. in 1901, this was declared the standard definition of the german language. official revisions of some of these rules were not issued until the controversial german orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all german-speaking countries. german-speaking communities can be found in namibia, a former german colony, …

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nd form about 1% of the country's population. other german-speaking communities in europe are found in northern italy (insouth tyrol and in some municipalities in other provinces), in the french regions ofalsace and lorraine, and in some border villages of the former south jutland county of denmark. the common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called proto-germanic—also known as common germanic—which was spoken in approximately the middle-1st millennium bc in iron age northern europe. proto-germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as grimm's law. early varieties of germanic enter history with the germanic tribes moving south from northern europe in the 2nd century bc, to settle in the area of today's northern germany and southern denmark. the most widely spoken germanic languages are english and german, with approximately 300–400 million native …

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otal number of germanic languages is unknown, as some of them—especially east germanic languages—disappeared during or shortly after the migration period. germanic languages possess a number of defining features compared with other indo-european languages. probably the most well-known are the following: 1. the sound changes known as grimm's law and verner's law, which shifted the values of all the indo-european stop consonants. (for example, original */t d dh/ became germanic */θ t d/ in most cases; compare three with latin tres, two with latin duo, do with sanskrit dha-.) the recognition of these two sound laws were seminal events in the understanding of the regular nature of linguistic sound change and the development of the comparative method, which forms the basis of modern historical linguistics. 2. the development of a strong stress on the first syllable of the word, which triggered significant phonological reduction of all other syllables. this is …

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modern german language scientific interests on germanic languages plan: 1 phonetic of german languages 2. word stress 3. consonants. 4. proto-germanic consonant shift introduction all the germanic languages of the past and present have common linguistic features; some of these features are shared by other groups in the ie family, others are specifically germanic. word stress it is known that in ancient ie, prior to the separation of germanic, there existed two ways of word accentuation: musical pitch and force stress. the position of the stress was free and movable, which means that it could fall on any syllable of the word – a root-morpheme, an affix or an ending – and could be shifted both in form-building and word-building. …

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