the germanic languages

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the germanic languages. proto-germanic. old english. phonology. the germanic languages. proto-germanic. old english. phonology. lecture 1. principal features of germanic languages the first consonant shift (grimm’s law). verner’s law periods in the history of english oe heptarchy. oe dialects oe vocalism oe consonant system principal features of germanic languages english belongs to: the indo-european family of languages; the germanic branch. west germanic group proto-indo-european (pie) proto-indo-european (pie) - some single language, which must have been spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area proto-germanic (pg) proto-germanic (pg) - a dialect of indo-european all germanic languages are descended from; we have no records of the pg language. we can reconstruct it (gothic). proto-germanic (pg) pg is a highly inflected language; the word stress was put on the 1st syllable (fixed accent); pie verb “bheronom” – pg beranan – oe beran – …

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receding syllable was unstressed, but otherwise remained unchanged. latin centum - english hundred. verner’s law. pie f > gmc v pie th > gmc d lat pater – gth fadar pie k > gmc g pie s > gmc z > r in north and west germanic) = rotacizm gth. raisjan – oe ræran 3. periods in the history of english traditionally, the history of the english language is divided into 3 major periods. this division was first proposed by an english philologist, henry sweet, in 1873. periods in the history of english old english (anglo-saxon) (5 c.-1066) = the period of full inflexions; middle english (1066 – 1485) = of levelled inflexions; modern english (1485 - ...) = of lost inflexions. 4. oe heptarchy. oe dialects the earliest inhabitants of the british isles, were celtic speakers. the celts had been living in england until being invaded by the romans …

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$ne, and took a century to complete; with christianity came writing. 5. oe vocalism all living languages undergo changes. what causes such changes? alterations: qualitative // quantitative; dependent // independent anglo-frisian brightening (or first fronting). the anglo-frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from proto-germanic by which the vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m). cf. oe mann and oe dæġ restoration of a or retraction later in old english, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel in the following syllable. restoration of a or retraction nominative dæġ dagas accusative dæġ dæġ genitive dæġes daga dative dæġe dagum for further references see pg. 76 // rastorguyeva t. a. a history of english. - m.: vysšaja škola, 2003. - 347 p.) oe breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of …$

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mlaut in mod english: food and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men. front mutation or i-umlaut i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels: [y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation; diphthongs [ie] and [ie:] front mutation or i-umlaut for further references see pg. 80-82 // rastorguyeva t. a. a history of english. - m.: vysšaja škola, 2003. - 347 p.) velar umlaut for further references see pg. 82 // rastorguyeva t. a. a history of english. - m.: vysšaja škola, 2003. - 347 p. 6. oe consonant system for further references see pg. 85-90 // rastorguyeva t. a. a history of english. - m.: vysšaja škola, 2003. - 347 p.

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the germanic languages. proto-germanic. old english. phonology. the germanic languages. proto-germanic. old english. phonology. lecture 1. principal features of germanic languages the first consonant shift (grimm’s law). verner’s law periods in the history of english oe heptarchy. oe dialects oe vocalism oe consonant system principal features of germanic languages english belongs to: the indo-european family of languages; the germanic branch. west germanic group proto-indo-european (pie) proto-indo-european (pie) - some single language, which must have been spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area proto-germanic (pg) proto-germanic (pg) - a dialect of indo-european all germanic languages are descended from; we hav...

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