lecture 17. shortenedwords

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lecture 17. shortened words lecture 17. shortened words plan of the lecture: 1. historical development of conversion and its origin 2. semantic relations between converted pairs and motivation 3. shortening and its types 4. clippings and their classification 5. abbreviation and its types 6. mixed forms of shortening in previous lectures we started to discuss the types of word formation in english. this lecture is also devoted to some of the basic types of word formation. conversion is a characteristic feature of the english word-building system. it is sometimes referred to as an affixless way of word-building. but there are other types of word-building in which new words are also formed without affixes (most compounds, contracted words, sound imitation words, etc.). so what is peculiar for this way of word-building? the term conversion first appeared in the book by henry sweet ‘new english grammar’ in 1891. conversion is treated differently …

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men could easily communicate. the fact that the languages were alike made communication much easier for them: the roots as it happens to languages of the same origin were mostly alike and differences were in affixes and inflexions. while communicating the english and scandinavians stressed the parts of words that were alike and neglected those which differed, so as we know in middle english there began a ‘levelling’ of endings, one of the reasons of which was the scandinavian conquest. due to the leveling of endings forms of nouns and verbs coincided: old english lufian (v), lufu (n) – modern english love (n, v), old english drinkan (v), drinka (n) – modern english drink (n, v). more rarely it is the prefix that was dropped: old english bemynd – modern english mind. words borrowed from other languages underwent the same process, for example, french borrowings: old french eschequier(v), eschec(n) – …

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verbs can denote acquisition or deprivation if they are formed from nouns denoting an object, e.g. to fish, to dust, to peel, to paper. d)verbs can denote an action performed at the place denoted by the noun form which they have been converted, e.g. to park, to garage, to bottle, to corner, to pock e)verbs can denote an action performed at the time denoted by the noun from which they have been converted, e.g. to winter, to weekend. verbs can be converted from adjectives, in such cases they denote the change of the state, e.g. to tame (to become or make tame), to clean, to slim etc. verbs can be also converted from other parts of speech, e.g. to down (adverb), to pooh-pooh (interjection). nouns can also be formed by means of conversion from verbs. converted nouns can denote: a) instant of an action, e.g. a jump, a move. b) …

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and the lexicogrammatical meaning of the stem coincide. the verb to pen and to father denote an action, a process, therefore the lexico-grammatical meanings of the stems do not coincide with the lexical meanings of the roots. the verbs have a complex semantic structure and they were converted from nouns. 2. if we compare a converted pair with a synonymic word pair which was formed by means of suffixation we can find out which of pair is primary. this criterion can be applied only to nouns converted from verbs, e.g. chat n. and chat v. can be compared with conversation-converse. 3. the criterion based on derivational relations is of more universal character. in this case we must take a word-cluster of relative words to which the converted pair belongs. if the root stem of the word-cluster has suffixes added to noun stem the noun is primary in the converted pair …

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word from the initial letters of a word group: uno – united nation organization, bbc, atm, ms, rsvp, and others. as a type of word-building, shortening of words can be represented by clipping or curtailment. curtailment may be regarded as caused, partly at least, by analogical extension, i.e. modification of form on the basis of analogy with existing and widely used patterns. thus, the three homonyms resulting from abbreviation of three different words, van ‘a large covered vehicle’, ‘a railway carriage’, the short for caravan; van ‘the front of an army’, the short for vanguard which in its turn is a clipping of the french word avantgarde; and van — a lawn tennis term, the short for advantage, all sound quite like english words. shortening of spoken words or curtailment consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (whether or not this part has previously been …

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lecture 17. shortened words lecture 17. shortened words plan of the lecture: 1. historical development of conversion and its origin 2. semantic relations between converted pairs and motivation 3. shortening and its types 4. clippings and their classification 5. abbreviation and its types 6. mixed forms of shortening in previous lectures we started to discuss the types of word formation in english. this lecture is also devoted to some of the basic types of word formation. conversion is a characteristic feature of the english word-building system. it is sometimes referred to as an affixless way of word-building. but there are other types of word-building in which new words are also formed without affixes (most compounds, contracted words, sound imitation words, …

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