fiziko-ximicheskie svoystva lipidov.

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fiziko-ximicheskie svoystva lipidov. plan 1. stroenie i klassifikatsiya lipidov 2. fizicheskie svoystva lipidov 3. ximicheskie svoystva lipidov 1. stroenie i klassifikatsiya lipidov lipidi predstavlyayut soboy obshirniy i krayne raznoobrazniy klass organicheskix soedineniy, kotorie ob'edinyayutsya ne po sxodstvu ximicheskoy strukturi, a prejde vsego po obshim fiziko-ximicheskim svoystvam, takim kak nerastvorimost v vode i xoroshaya rastvorimost v organicheskix rastvoritelyax — xloroforme, efire, benzole, atsetone i drugix. v biologicheskix sistemax lipidi vipolnyayut shirokiy spektr funktsiy: oni vxodyat v sostav kletochnix membran, slujat zapasom energii, vipolnyayut regulyatornuyu, zashitnuyu i strukturnuyu rol, uchastvuyut v peredache signalov i formirovanii biologicheskix poverxnostey. ponimanie ix stroeniya, klassifikatsii i svoystv imeet fundamentalnoe znachenie dlya bioximii, fiziologii, meditsini i biotexnologii. lipidi otlichayutsya ot drugix biomolekul tem, chto ix molekuli mogut bit vesma raznoobraznimi po strukture — ot prostix jirnix kislot i triatsilglitserolov do slojnix fosfolipidov, glikolipidov i steroidov. pri etom vse lipidi obladayut obshey chertoy: ix molekuli soderjat kak gidrofobnie …

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hennie obichno jidkie. v jivix organizmax naibolee rasprostraneni takie nasishennie kisloti, kak palmitinovaya (s16:0) i stearinovaya (s18:0), a takje nenasishennie — oleinovaya (s18:1), linolevaya (s18:2) i linolenovaya (s18:3). osoboe znachenie imeyut polinenasishennie jirnie kisloti, takie kak araxidonovaya i dokozageksaenovaya, uchastvuyushie v regulyatsii vospalitelnix protsessov, rabote nervnoy sistemi i formirovanii kletochnix membran. jirnie kisloti v organizme redko sushestvuyut v svobodnom vide. chashe vsego oni vxodyat v sostav slojnix soedineniy — slojnix efirov glitserina, spirtov, aminov ili saxarov. s etoy tochki zreniya lipidi mojno klassifitsirovat na prostie i slojnie. prostie lipidi — eto soedineniya, sostoyashie iz spirta i jirnix kislot, bez dopolnitelnix funktsionalnix grupp. k nim otnosyatsya neytralnie jiri (triatsilglitseroli) i voski. slojnie lipidi, naprotiv, soderjat dopolnitelnie komponenti, takie kak fosfatnie gruppi, azotistie osnovaniya, uglevodi ili drugie ximicheskie radikali. k etoy gruppe otnosyatsya fosfolipidi, glikolipidi, sfingolipidi i nekotorie drugie proizvodnie. krome togo, v otdelnuyu kategoriyu mojno videlit proizvodnie lipidov — jirorastvorimie vitamini, …

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levodi ili belki. etim ob'yasnyaetsya biologicheskaya effektivnost jirov kak rezervnogo istochnika energii. krome togo, jirovaya tkan vipolnyaet teploizolyatsionnuyu i amortizatsionnuyu funktsii, zashishaya vnutrennie organi ot mexanicheskix povrejdeniy i perepadov temperaturi. drugim tipom prostix lipidov yavlyayutsya voski — slojnie efiri odnoatomnix visokomolekulyarnix spirtov i jirnix kislot s dlinnimi uglerodnimi tsepyami. voski obladayut visokoy gidrofobnostyu i temperaturoy plavleniya, chto delaet ix idealnimi veshestvami dlya zashiti poverxnostey ot vlagi. oni shiroko rasprostraneni v prirode: pcheliniy vosk ispolzuetsya dlya postroeniya sot, rastitelnie voski pokrivayut listya i plodi, predotvrashaya isparenie vodi, a jivotnie voski vxodyat v sostav kojnogo sala, sozdavaya vodoottalkivayushiy barer. v otlichie ot triatsilglitserolov, voski prakticheski ne uchastvuyut v energeticheskom obmene, no igrayut vajnuyu strukturno-zashitnuyu rol. 2. fizicheskie svoystva lipidov lipidi predstavlyayut soboy obshirniy i raznorodniy klass organicheskix soedineniy, kotorie ob'edinyayutsya po ix obshey fiziko-ximicheskoy osobennosti — nerastvorimosti v vode i rastvorimosti v nepolyarnix organicheskix rastvoritelyax, takix kak xloroform, efir, benzol i drugie …

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orodnoy tsepi, stepenyu eyo nasishennosti, nalichiem funktsionalnix grupp, tak i usloviyami okrujayushey sredi — temperaturoy, davleniem i sostavom sredi. lipidi mogut sushestvovat v razlichnix agregatnix sostoyaniyax — ot jidkix masel do tvyordix jirov, chto napryamuyu svyazano s dlinoy i nasishennostyu jirnix kislot, vxodyashix v ix sostav. chem dlinnee uglevodorodnaya tsep i menshe dvoynix svyazey, tem vishe temperatura plavleniya i tem tvyorje veshestvo pri komnatnoy temperature. naprimer, stearinovaya kislota, soderjashaya vosemnadtsat atomov ugleroda i ne imeyushaya dvoynix svyazey, plavitsya pri temperature okolo 69 gradusov tselsiya, togda kak oleinovaya kislota s odnoy dvoynoy svyazyu v toy je dline tsepi ostayotsya jidkoy pri komnatnoy temperature. takim obrazom, fizicheskoe sostoyanie lipidov tesno svyazano s ix molekulyarnoy arxitekturoy. pri komnatnoy temperature jivotnie jiri, bogatie nasishennimi kislotami, chashe vsego naxodyatsya v tvyordom sostoyanii, togda kak rastitelnie masla, soderjashie bolshoe kolichestvo nenasishennix kislot, — v jidkom. eto razlichie imeet biologicheskoe znachenie, poskolku vliyaet na tekuchest biologicheskix membran, …

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fiziko-ximicheskie svoystva lipidov. plan 1. stroenie i klassifikatsiya lipidov 2. fizicheskie svoystva lipidov 3. ximicheskie svoystva lipidov 1. stroenie i klassifikatsiya lipidov lipidi predstavlyayut soboy obshirniy i krayne raznoobrazniy klass organicheskix soedineniy, kotorie ob'edinyayutsya ne po sxodstvu ximicheskoy strukturi, a prejde vsego po obshim fiziko-ximicheskim svoystvam, takim kak nerastvorimost v vode i xoroshaya rastvorimost v organicheskix rastvoritelyax — xloroforme, efire, benzole, atsetone i drugix. v biologicheskix sistemax lipidi vipolnyayut shirokiy spektr funktsiy: oni vxodyat v sostav kletochnix membran, slujat zapasom energii, vipolnyayut regulyatornuyu, zashitnuyu i strukturnuyu rol, uchastvuyut v peredache signalov i formirovanii biologicheskix poverxnostey....

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