nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions

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nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: adapted to modern needs: an eaaci position paper allergy. 2023;78:2851–2874. � | 2851wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/all received: 12 august 2023 | revised: 1 september 2023 | accepted: 5 september 2023 doi: 10.1111/all.15889 p o s i t i o n p a p e r nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: adapted to modern needs: an eaaci position paper marek jutel1,2 | ioana agache3 | magdalena zemelka-wiacek1 | mübeccel akdis4 | tomás chivato5 | stefano del giacco6,7 | pawel gajdanowicz1 | ibon eguiluz gracia8 | ludger klimek9,10 | antti lauerma11 | markus ollert12,13 | liam o'mahony14 | jürgen schwarze15 | mohamed h. shamji16,17 | isabel skypala18,19 | oscar palomares20 | oliver pfaar21 | maria jose torres8 | jonathan a. bernstein22 | alvaro a. cruz23 | stephen r. durham24 | stephen j. galli25 | r. maximiliano gómez26 | emma guttman-yassky27 | tari haahtela28 | stephen t. …

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syndrome; hdm, house dust mite; ifn-γ, interferon-gamma; ige/g/m/a, immunoglobulin type e/g/m/a; il, interleukin; ilc1/2/3, innate lymphoid cells type 1/2/3; mc, mast cell; mo, monocyte; mφ, macrophage; neu, neutrophils; nk, natural killer cell; nk-t, natural killer t cell; nsaid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; sige, allergen-specific ige; sjs, stevens-johnson syndrome; t1/t2/t3, type 1/2/3 immune response; tc1/2/17, t cytotoxic lymphocyte type 1/2/17; ten, toxic epidermal necrolysis; tfh, t follicular helper cells; tfr, follicular regulatory t cells; tgf-β, tumour growth factor-beta; th1/2/9/17/22, t helper lymphocyte type 1/2/9/17/22; tlsp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; tnf-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; tslp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin. correspondence marek jutel, department of clinical immunology, wroclaw medical university, wroclaw, poland. email: marek.jutel@all-med.wroclaw.pl ioana agache, faculty of medicine, transylvania university, brasov, romania. email: ibrumaru@unitbv.ro cezmi a. akdis, swiss institute of allergy and asthma research (siaf), university of zurich, davos, switzerland. email: cezmi.akdis@siaf.uzh.ch abstract the exponential growth of precision diagnostic tools, including omic technologies, molecular diagnostics, …

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ations back to the www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/all mailto:marek.jutel@all-med.wroclaw.pl https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-9379 mailto:ibrumaru@unitbv.ro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-8638 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5403-0964 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-1749 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-5992 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3774-931x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-0192 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-3547 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-0103 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-3583 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6899-748x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-3463 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3629-4293 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4516-0369 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4374-9639 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5228-471x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-1196 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-3871 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-6207 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-5340 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6898-186x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-324x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-2156 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2658-4617 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-907x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0554 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-5331 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-4515 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3091-7237 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1263-329x https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0036-0439 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-0303 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-6704 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-812x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-9884 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-6039 mailto:cezmi.akdis@siaf.uzh.ch https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019x mailto:marek.jutel@all-med.wroclaw.pl mailto:ibrumaru@unitbv.ro mailto:cezmi.akdis@siaf.uzh.ch http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1111%2fall.15889&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2023-10-10 2852 | jutel et al. 1 | introduc tion the rapid growth of technology, including molecular diagnostics, omics technologies, genetic and ep

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igenetic editing, nano-technol- ogies, imaging and many more, generated in-depth knowledge of disease pathogenetic pathways (endotypes), allowing more detailed disease descriptions. the disease nomenclature usage of this new information set allowed a shift from a mere pathomechanistic ap- proach, with symptoms and organ dysfunction as the primary descriptors, to recognition of a more established network of immu- nological and metabolic pathways described by various biomark- ers, ideally validated. new disease endotypes, defined by distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, are now described for asthma,1–4 allergic rhinitis (ar),5–7 chronic rhinosinusitis (crs),8,9 atopic der- matitis (ad),10,11 and food,12 venom13 and drug allergy.14 however, the current disease taxonomy does not cover this information, so categorising diseases becomes more complicated, thus necessitating revision. a new nomenclature was needed describing diseases based on a combination of their intrinsic biology and traditional ‘signs & symptoms’, leading to a better understanding of aetiology, mecha- nisms, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. it …

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human researchers. in the context of aller- gic diseases, ai can potentially support unbiased patient charac- terization based on their endotypes and more accurately predict responders and non-responders to targeted interventions or im- mune-modulating therapies. by uncovering novel biomarkers and identifying subgroups of patients with distinct immunological pro- files, ai can facilitate the development of personalized treatment strategies (biologicals and small molecules/allergen immunotherapy and other immune-modulatory interventions), ultimately improving patient outcomes and achieving disease modification and targeted prevention.19 1.1 | historical perspective the term ‘allergy’ was first coined by clemens von pirquet in 1906. he derived the word from the greek words ‘allos’ (meaning ‘other’ or ‘different’) and ‘ergon’ (meaning ‘work’ or ‘reaction’). an allergy is an unexpected abnormal or exaggerated reaction to an exogenous stimulus involving the immune system.20 the term ‘atopy’ and the concept of atopic diseases were first proposed by the physicians arthur f. coca and robert …

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