oqsil sintezi yozuvlari

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protein synthesis ppt oqsil sintezi “yozuvlari” agar dnk yadrodan chiqmasa– qanday qilib oqsillarni omon qolish uchun kerakli ko'rsatmalar olish mumkin? dnkda kodlangan genetik ma'lumot (genlar) oqsillarni yig'ish uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha ma'lumotlarni beradi. 2 rnk shakar deoksiribosaning o’rniga ribosani o'z ichiga oladi. qo'sh zanjirli o'rniga bir zanjirli. timin o'rnida urasil mavjud. rnkning tarkibi: adenine cytosine guanine uracil (thymine emas) dnk va rnkni solishtirish 3 dnk & rnkning asosiy farqlari uglevod: dnk: deoxyribose rnk: ribose azotli asos: dna: a, t, c, g rna: a, u, c, g u = uracil molekula hosil qiluvchi iplar soni: dnk: qo’sh zanjir rnk: bir zanjir dnk rnk a, t, c, & g rnkning uchta asosiy turlari informatsion rnk (mrna) - aminokislotalarni oqsillarga aylantirish uchun dnkdan ribozomgacha ("messenjer" sifatida xizmat qilish) ko'rsatmalarning nusxalari tashiladi. * yadroda amalga oshadi. 2.ribosomal rnk (rrna) – oqsillar ishlab chiqariladigan ribosomalarning asosiy qismini tashkil qiladi. * yadroda ishlab chiqilgan. ribosomal rnk …

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xshi dnk” oqsil kodlaydi va ekspressiyalanadi. intronlar chiqariladi va exons birlashtiriladi. o'zgartirilgan irnk yadrodan ribosomaga yuboriladi. 1b-qadam : irnk tahriri (eksonlar turli irnk hosil qilish uchun turli ketma-ketliklar bilan birlashtirilishi mumkin = turli oqsillar) over 98% of the human genome is noncoding dna we have 25,000 genes but produce more than 100,000 diff proteins = splicing 12 qiziqarli faktlar: 98% dan oshiq odam genomi kodlamaydigan dnkdan (intron) iborat… ehtimol evolutsiya sabablidir?!? bizda 25000 geni bor, lekin 100.000 dan oshiq oqsillar ishlab chiqaradi= splicing transkriptsiya: dnk → rnk transkriptsiya animatsiyasi http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf (juda yaxshi, lekin ba'zi qismlarini o'tkazib yuborish kerak) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rgy kod qanday o'qiladi: irnkdagi har 3 ta asos bir amino kislotaga oid kodni ifodalaydi = kodon. aminokislotalar aminokislotaning birinchi 3 ta harfini qo'llash orqali ko'p marta qisqartiriladi. met = metionin leu = leutsin 2-qadam: translyatsiya kodon grafikasini o'qish uchinchi positsiya birinchi positsiya misollar: aug = methionine cau = histidine uag …

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(methionine) stop kodonlar: oqsilning tugallanish qismida topilgan (polipeptid zanjirining tugallanishi) hech qanday amino kislotani kodlamaydigan uchta to'xtash kodonlari jarayonni to'xtatishda ishtirok etadi: uaa, uag,uga translyatsiya animatsiyalari http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf (juda yaxshi animatsiya!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rgy jan 2006 mrna  t rna mrna  start codon ribosome methionine phenylalanine lysine nucleus translyatsiya go to section:  anticodon the polypeptide “assembly line” mrna ribosome translation direction lysine trna trna ribosome growing polypeptide chain mrna completing the polypeptide go to section: translyatsiya rnk va dnkninf roli hujayra rnkning "loyihalarini tayyorlash" uchun hayotiy dnkning "bosh rejasini" qo'llaydi”. dnk molekulasi yadrodagi xavfsiz joyda qoladi, rnk molekulalari esa sitoplazmadagi oqsil qurilishi joylariga (ribosomalarga) ketadi. mutatsiyalar (12-4) mutatsiya – genetik materialning o'zgarishi (nusxa ko'chirish yoki transkripsiya qilish kabi xatolar) mutatsilarning turlari xromosomal mutatsiyalar - xromosomalar sonining yoki tarkibidagi o'zgarishlar. ex. downs syndrome gen mutatsiyalari - yagona gen o'zgarishlaridan keltirib chiqaradigan mutatsiyalar. gen mutatsiyalarining turlari nuqtali mutatsiya: yagona nukleotid asosini noto'g'ri asosga …

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$ion: one or more of the bases is deleted from the code causes a shift in the reading frame insertion frameshift mutations: insertion insertion: one or more base pairs are inserted into the code causes a shift in the reading frame significance of mutations many mutations have little or no effect on the expression of genes. mutations may be harmful and may be the cause of many genetic disorders and cancer. source of genetic variability in a species (may be highly beneficial). beneficial mutations beneficial mutations may produce proteins with new or altered activities that can be useful to organisms in different or changing environments. plant and animal breeders often take advantage of such beneficial mutations. the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is called polyploidy. often larger and stronger than diploid plants, but not beneficial in animals. gene regulation (12-5) only a fraction of the …$

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ferentiation of cells in the embryo. a mutation in one of these genes can completely change that organisms development. ex- a mutation in the hox genes of a fruit fly can replace antennae with legs growing on its head. 40 a. not all genes are active (expressed) at the same time. 1. why: because the cell would produce many molecules it did not need – waste of energy and raw materials 2. gene expression (protein synthesis) is when the product of a gene (specific protein) is being actively produced by a cell. a. some genes are – rarely expressed -- adrenaline b. some genes are – constantly expressed – hair growth, blood pressure c. some genes are – expressed for a time, then turned off (cyclical) -- estrogen gene regulation (12-5) image1.jpeg image2.png image3.png image4.png image5.png image6.png image7.jpeg image8.jpeg image9.png image10.png image11.png image12.png image13.png image14.png image15.png image16.wmf image17.png image18.png image19.jpeg …

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protein synthesis ppt oqsil sintezi “yozuvlari” agar dnk yadrodan chiqmasa– qanday qilib oqsillarni omon qolish uchun kerakli ko'rsatmalar olish mumkin? dnkda kodlangan genetik ma'lumot (genlar) oqsillarni yig'ish uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha ma'lumotlarni beradi. 2 rnk shakar deoksiribosaning o’rniga ribosani o'z ichiga oladi. qo'sh zanjirli o'rniga bir zanjirli. timin o'rnida urasil mavjud. rnkning tarkibi: adenine cytosine guanine uracil (thymine emas) dnk va rnkni solishtirish 3 dnk & rnkning asosiy farqlari uglevod: dnk: deoxyribose rnk: ribose azotli asos: dna: a, t, c, g rna: a, u, c, g u = uracil molekula hosil qiluvchi iplar soni: dnk: qo’sh zanjir rnk: bir zanjir dnk rnk a, t, c, & g rnkning uchta asosiy turlari informatsion rnk (mrna) - aminokislotalarni oqsillarga aylantirish uch...

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