pecularities of east germanic and roman languages, vowel system and stress

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theme: theme: pecularities of east germanic and roman languages, wowel system and stress teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova according to historical tradition, at least some of the germanic tribes migrated to the mouth of the vistula from scandinavia. little is known of gepidic, rugian, and burgundian; some knowledge of vandalic, visigothic, and, especially, ostrogothic is provided by the names recorded in greek and latin writings. the only east germanic language on which there is extensive information is the gothic—more specifically, visigothic—that was spoken along the western shore of the black sea about the middle of the 4th century ce. knowledge of gothic is derived primarily from the remains of a bible translation made for the visigoths living along the lower danube by ulfilas, a visigothic bishop of the arian church, who lived during the 4th century. the surviving manuscripts of this translation, which are not originals but later copies thought to have …

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ingdom, and in spain it is doubtful that the visigoths retained their language until the arab conquest. in the 9th century the german monk walafrid strabo mentions that gothic was still being used in some churches near the lower danube. after that time gothic seems to have survived only among the goths of the crimean peninsula, who were last mentioned in the middle of the 16th century by a flemish diplomat named augier ghislain de busbecq, who, while on a mission to constantinople in 1560–62, collected a number of words and phrases showing that their language was still essentially a form of gothic. the gothic alphabet contained the five simple vowel symbols, i, e, a, o, and u, from which four compound symbols, ei, ai, au, and iu, also were made; in addition, w was used to transliterate greek υ and οι (both of which were pronounced as umlauted u …

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h’ became gothic airþa, proto-germanic *stainaz ‘stone’ became gothic stains). finally, voiced fricatives that occurred or came to occur at the end of a word are unvoiced (e.g., nominative *hlaiaz, accusative *hlaian ‘bread, loaf’ changed to hlaifs and hlaif, respectively [but dative hlaiba]). the germanic languages are a branch of the indo-european language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people[nb 1] mainly in europe, north america, oceania and southern africa. the most widely spoken germanic language, english, is also the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers. all germanic languages are derived from proto-germanic, spoken in iron age scandinavia and germany.[2] the west germanic languages include the three most widely spoken germanic languages: english with around 360–400 million native speakers;[3][nb 2] german, with over 100 million native speakers;[4] and dutch, with 24 million native speakers the largest north germanic languages are swedish, …

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belong to the western branch and six to the northern branch; it places riograndenser hunsrückisch german in neither of the categories, but it is often considered a german dialect by linguists.[13] the total number of germanic languages throughout history is unknown as some of them, especially the east germanic languages, disappeared during or after the migration period. some of the west germanic languages also did not survive past the migration period, including lombardic. as a result of world war ii and subsequent mass expulsion of germans, the german language suffered a significant loss of sprachraum, as well as moribundity and extinction of several of its dialects. in the 21st century, german dialects are dying out[nb 3] as standard german gains primacy the common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called proto-germanic, also known as common germanic, which was spoken in about the middle of the 1st …

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netherlands also colonized indonesia, but dutch was scrapped as an official language after indonesian independence. today, it is only used by older or traditionally educated people. dutch was until 1983 an official language in south africa but evolved into and was replaced by afrikaans, a partially mutually intelligible[19] daughter language of dutch. during the early middle ages, the west germanic languages were separated by the insular development of middle english on one hand and by the high german consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in upper german and low saxon, with graded intermediate central german varieties. by early modern times, the span had extended into considerable differences, ranging from highest alemannic in the south to northern low saxon in the north, and, although both extremes are considered german, they are hardly mutually intelligible. the southernmost varieties had completed the second sound shift, while the northern varieties remained …

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theme: theme: pecularities of east germanic and roman languages, wowel system and stress teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova according to historical tradition, at least some of the germanic tribes migrated to the mouth of the vistula from scandinavia. little is known of gepidic, rugian, and burgundian; some knowledge of vandalic, visigothic, and, especially, ostrogothic is provided by the names recorded in greek and latin writings. the only east germanic language on which there is extensive information is the gothic—more specifically, visigothic—that was spoken along the western shore of the black sea about the middle of the 4th century ce. knowledge of gothic is derived primarily from the remains of a bible translation made for the visigoths living along the lower danube by …

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