the evolution of germanic verb in modern germanic languages

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theme: theme: the evolution of germanic verb in modern germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of proto-indo-european (pie). it in turn divided into north, west and east germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: danish, norwegian, and swedish (north); english, dutch and german (west); and gothic (east, extinct). the germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. this overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of pie, and how they came to have their present diversity. the germanic verb system carried two innovations over the previous proto-indo-european verb system: simplification to two tenses: present (also conveying future meaning) and past (sometimes called "preterite" and conveying the …

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ą 'to do') that is in a category of its own, based on an indo-european "athematic" form, and having a "weak" preterite but a "strong" passive participle. strong verbs[edit] main article: germanic strong verb strong (or vocalic) verbs display vowel gradation or ablaut, that is, the past tense is marked by a change in the vowel in the stem syllable. examples include: modern english: fall – fell – fallen sing – sang – sung old high german: fallan – fiall – fiallun – (gi)fallan (to fall) heizan – hiaz – hiazun – (gi)heizan (to be called) in the older languages, these verbs may also be reduplicating, that is, the past tense forms add a prefix with the same consonant as the first consonant of the stem syllable. an example in gothic is lētan – laílōt – laílōtum – lētans (to have). in proto-germanic, consonant alternations known as grammatischer wechsel developed, …

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ior inception. an example of this is the typical and widespread pie stative *woida 'i know': one who "knows" something at some point in the past "came to know" it, much as the natural inference from noting someone in a sitting state is that a prior action of becoming seated occurred. the classical/koine greek perfect is essentially an early step in the development of the stative aspect to a past tense, being a hybrid of the two that emphasizes the ongoing (present/stative) effects of a past action (e.g., leloipa 'i have left"). apparently it was this latter anterior respect that is responsible for the indo-european perfect showing up as a past tense in germanic, italic, and celtic. /docprops/thumbnail.jpeg

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theme: theme: the evolution of germanic verb in modern germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of proto-indo-european (pie). it in turn divided into north, west and east germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: danish, norwegian, and swedish (north); english, dutch and german (west); and gothic (east, extinct). the germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. this overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of pie, and how they came to have their p...

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