loss of consonants in old english period

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contents introduction ……………………………………………………………….. chapter i loss of consonants in old english period 1.1 consonant changes in pre-written periods…………………………………….. 1.2 west germanic gemination of consonants…………………………………….. 1.3 velar consonants in early old english. growth of new phonemes…………… chapter ii verner's law. the shift of the stress. the first germanic consonant shift. grimm's law. 2.1 phonetic changes in old english. loss of consonants in oe…………………… 2.2 the nominal system, the verbal system in old english………………….. 2.3 the appearance of new diphthongs in middle english. ………………… chapter ii 3.1 the great vowel shift. some interpretation of the great vowel shift……… 3.2 loss of consonants in old english period……………………………………… 3.3 phonetic processes in old english (the system of consonants)…………….. conclusion………………………………………….................................... references………………………………………………………………… introduction after the changes under grimm’s law and verner’s law had pg had the following two sets of fricative consonants: voiceless [f, ө, x, s] and voiced [v, ð, γ, z]. in wg and …

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w process of voicing and devoicing. in early oe they became or remained voiced intervocally and between vowels, sonorants and voiced consonants; they remained or became voiceless in other environments, namely, initially, finally and next to other voiceless consonants. in all wg languages, at an early stage of their independent history, most consonants were lengthened after a short vowel before [l]. this process is known as “geminantion” or “doubling” of consonants, e.g. fuljan > fyllan (ne fill). the change did not affect the sonorant [r], e.g oe werian (ne wear); nor did it operate if the consonant was preceded by a long vowel, e.g. oe dēman, mētan (ne deem, meet). velar consonants in early old english. growth of new phonemes the velar consonants [k, g, x, γ] were palatalized before a front vowel, and sometimes also after a front vowel, unless followed by a back vowel. thus in oe cild …

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ted in pre-written periods are referred to as "west germanic" (wg) as they are shared by all the languages of the wg subgroup; wg changes may have taken place at the transitional stage from pg to early oe prior to the germanic settlement of britain. after the changes under grimm's law and verner's law pg had the following two sets of fricative consonants-voiceless [f, 0, x, s] and voiced [v, ð, y, z]. in wg and in early oe the difference between the two groups was supported by new features. pg voiced fricatives tended to be hardened to corresponding plosives while voiceless fricatives, being contrasted to them primarily as fricatives to plosives, developed new voiced allophones. the pg voiced [ð] (due to verner's law or to the third act of the shift) was always hardened to [d] in oe and other wg languages, cf., for instance, gt goþs, godai [ð], …

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at in oe they were not phonemes, but allophones. 1.2 west germanic gemination of consonants in all wg languages, at an early stage of their independent history, most consonants were lengthened after a short vowel before [j]. this process is known as wg "gemination" or "doubling" of consonants, as the resulting long consonants are indicated by means of double letters, e.g.: *fuljan > oe fyllan (ne fill); * sætjan oe > settan (ne set), cf. gt satjan. during the process, or some time later, [j] was lost, so that the long consonants ceased to be phonetically conditioned. when the long and short consonants began to occur in identical phonetic conditions, namely between vowels, their distinction became phonemic. the change did not affect the sonorant [r], e.g. oe werian (ne wear); nor did it operate if the consonant was preceded by a long vowel, e. g. oe demon, metan (ne deem, …

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occur in similar phonetic conditions; cf. oe cild [k'ild], ciest [k'iest] (ne child, chest) with palatal [k'] and ceald, cepan (ne cold, keep) with hard, velar [k] — both before front vowels. though the difference between velar and palatal consonants was not shown in the spellings of the oe period, the two sets were undoubtedly differentiated since a very early date. in the course of time the phonetic difference between them grew and towards the end of the period the palatal consonants developed into sibilants and affricates: [k']>[tſ], [g']>[dz]; in me texts they were indicated by means of special digraphs and letter sequences. the date of the palatalisation can be fixed with considerable precision in relation to other early oe sound changes. it must have taken place after the appearance of [æ, æ:] (referred to the 5th c.) but prior to palatal mutation (late 6th or 7th c.); for [æ, …

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contents introduction ……………………………………………………………….. chapter i loss of consonants in old english period 1.1 consonant changes in pre-written periods…………………………………….. 1.2 west germanic gemination of consonants…………………………………….. 1.3 velar consonants in early old english. growth of new phonemes…………… chapter ii verner's law. the shift of the stress. the first germanic consonant shift. grimm's law. 2.1 phonetic changes in old english. loss of consonants in oe…………………… 2.2 the nominal system, the verbal system in old english………………….. 2.3 the appearance of new diphthongs in middle english. ………………… chapter ii 3.1 the great vowel shift. some interpretation of the great vowel shift……… 3.2 loss of consonants in old english period……………………………………… 3.3 phonetic processes in old english (the system of consonants)...

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