zabolevaniya organov krovetvoreniya u detey

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vse o saxarnom diabete! zabolevaniya organov krovetvoreniya u detey. zabolevaniya mochevoy sistemi u detey. saxarniy diabet dots. pashenko i.v. plan lektsii sovremennaya teoriya krovetvoreniya. vozrastnie osobennosti krovetvoreniya u detey. anemii (jelezodefitsitnaya, postgemorragicheskaya, megaloblastnaya, gipo- i aplasticheskaya, gemoliticheskaya). leykemiya. gemorragicheskie zabolevaniya: gemorragicheskiy vaskulit, idiopaticheskaya trombotsitopenicheskaya purpura, gemofiliya. glomerulonefrit. pielonefrit. ostraya i xronicheskaya pochechnaya nedostatochnost. saxarniy diabet krovetvorenie, ili gemopoez, — eto protsess vozniknoveniya i posleduyushego sozrevaniya formennix elementov krovi v tak nazivaemix organax krovetvoreniya. kletki krovi proxodyat tseliy ryad stadiy v organax krovetvoreniya pered tem kak pokinut ix navsegda. v period vnutriutrobnoy jizni ploda videlyayut 3 perioda krovetvoreniya. odnako razlichnie ego etapi ne strogo razgranicheni, a postepenno smenyayut drug druga. vpervie krovetvorenie (perviy ego etap) obnarujivaetsya u 19-dnevnogo embriona v krovyanix ostrovkax jeltochnogo meshka. poyavlyayutsya nachalnie primitivnie kletki, soderjashie gemoglobin i yadro, — megaloblasti. etot perviy kratkovremenniy period gemopoeza, preimushestvenno eritropoeza, nosit nazvanie vneembrionalnogo krovetvoreniya. vtoroy (pechenochno-selezenochniy) period nachinaetsya posle 6 …

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nachinaetsya tretiy (kostnomozgovoy) period krovetvoreniya, kotoriy postepenno stanovitsya opredelyayushim v produktsii formennix elementov krovi u ploda. k momentu rojdeniya rebenka prekrashaetsya krovetvorenie v pecheni, a selezenka utrachivaet funktsiyu obrazovaniya kletok krasnogo ryada, granulotsitov, megakariotsitov, soxranyaya funktsiyu obrazovaniya limfotsitov. krovetvorenie proisxodit pochti isklyuchitelno v kostnom mozge. krovetvorenie posle rojdeniya cheloveka. osnovnim istochnikom obrazovaniya vsex vidov kletok krovi, u novorojdennogo yavlyaetsya kostniy mozg. v eto vremya i ploskie, i trubchatie kosti zapolneni krasnim, aktivnim v otnoshenii gemopoeza, kostnim mozgom. odnako uje s pervogo goda jizni nachinaet namechatsya chastichnoe prevrashenie krasnogo kostnogo mozga v bolshinstve trubchatix kostey v jirovoy (jeltiy), a k 12—15 godam, kak i u vzroslix lits, krovetvorenie soxranyaetsya v kostnom mozge tolko ploskix kostey. osobennosti krovi novorojdennogo. obshee kolichestvo tsirkuliruyushey krovi u novorojdennix detey ne yavlyaetsya strogo postoyannoy velichinoy i zavisit ot massi tela, vremeni perevyazki pupovini, stepeni donoshennosti rebenka. v srednem, u novorojdennogo ob'em krovi sostavlyaet okolo 80 ml …

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bennosti. v pervie dni posle rojdeniya sredi leykotsitov v protsentnom otnoshenii preobladayut neytrofili, chislo kotorix dostigaet primerno 60% ot obshego chisla belix krovyanix telets. takim obrazom, leykotsitarnaya formula krovi v moment rojdeniya cheloveka napominaet takovuyu u vzroslix lyudey. etot vozrastnoy (fiziologicheskiy) neytrofilez, otmechaemiy pri rojdenii, nachinaet bistro snijatsya, v to vremya kak protsentnoe chislo limfotsitov narastaet. na 5 — 6-y den jizni protsentnoe soderjanie neytrofilov i limfotsitov v krovi uravnivaetsya. esli graficheski otobrazit etot protsess, to mojno opredelit, chto grafiki soderjaniya neytrofilov i limfotsitov perekreshivayutsya (perviy fiziologicheskiy neytrofilno-limfotsitarniy perekrest). s etogo vremeni limfotsitoz (do 50-60% v sostave leykotsitarnoy formuli) stanovitsya normalnim yavleniem dlya detey pervix 5 let jizni. soderjanie ostalnix elementov beloy krovi sravnitelno malo otlichayutsya ot pokazateley krovi vzroslix lyudey. chislo trombotsitov v period novorojdennosti v srednem sostavlyaet 150 • 109/l — 400 • 109/l. prodoljitelnost krovotecheniya ne otlichaetsya ot takovoy v drugie periodi detstva i ravna 2—4 min. …

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95 g/l. odnovremenno gematokrit sostavlyaet 30-35%, kolichestvo eritrotsitov mojet sostavit 3,5 • 10e12/l. sredniy ob'em odnogo eritrotsita u detey v etot vozrastnoy period ravnyaetsya 75 - 100 fl. srednee soderjanie gemoglobina v 1 eritrotsite sostavlyaet 25-30 pikogrammov, chto sootvetstvuet tsvetovomu pokazatelyu menshe 1. vtoroy i posleduyushie godi jizni rebenka s nachala vtorogo goda jizni do pubertatnogo perioda morfologicheskiy sostav perifericheskoy krovi rebenka postepenno priobretaet cherti, xarakternie dlya vzroslix. obshiy gemoglobin sostavlyaet u malchikov i yunoshey 135-165 g/l, u devochek i devushek – 115- 145 g/l. soderjanie eritrotsitov 4.2-5.5 i 3.7 – 5.0 x 10e12/l. gematokrit 36-48%. ob'em eritrotsita – 80 -100 fl. srednee soderjanie gemoglobina v eritrotsite – 28 – 35 pikogrammov. v leykotsitarnoy formule v vozraste posle 3 — 4 let viyavlyaetsya tendentsiya k postepennomu narastaniyu protsentnogo chisla neytrofilov i umensheniyu kolichestva limfotsitov. mejdu pyatim i shestim godom jizni nastupaet 2-y perekrest chisla neytrofilov i limfotsitov – soderjanie ix …

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jet bit takje izmereno metodom protochnoy tsitometrii. esli srednee soderjanie hb v odnom eritrotsite menshe 25 pg – etot simptom nazivaetsya gipoxromiey eritrotsitov, 25-35 pg – normoxromiey, bolee 35 pg – giperxromiey. sovremenniy protochniy tsitometr sredniy ob'em eritrotsita mojet bit takje izmeren metodom protochnoy tsitometrii. obichno on sostavlyaet 80 – 100 ft. eritrotsiti s takim ob'emom nazivayutsya normotsitami. eritrotsiti ob'emom menee 80 ft nazivayutsya mikrotsitami. pri primenenii mikroskopicheskoy texniki mikrotsiti v mazke krovi xarakterizuyutsya fenomenami anizotsitoza (raznoobraziem razmerov) i poykilotsitoza (raznoobraziem formi). eritrotsiti, imeyushie sredniy ob'em bolee 100 fl nazivayutsya makrotsitami. a. normotsiti b. makrotsiti pri defitsite v12 i folievoy kisloti. v. gipoxromnie mikrotsiti, anizotsitoz, poykilotsitoz pri defitsite jeleza. g. mishenevidnie eritrotsiti (hb ss – vrojdennaya gemoliticheskaya anemiya). d. shizotsiti – razrushayushiesya eritrotsiti (gemolitiko-uremicheskiy sindrom). a b v g d sushestvuet vnesistemniy pokazatel eritrona – tsvetovoy pokazatel. on v kakoy-to mere otrajaet soderjanie gemoglobina v eritrotsite, no bez ucheta ego …

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vse o saxarnom diabete! zabolevaniya organov krovetvoreniya u detey. zabolevaniya mochevoy sistemi u detey. saxarniy diabet dots. pashenko i.v. plan lektsii sovremennaya teoriya krovetvoreniya. vozrastnie osobennosti krovetvoreniya u detey. anemii (jelezodefitsitnaya, postgemorragicheskaya, megaloblastnaya, gipo- i aplasticheskaya, gemoliticheskaya). leykemiya. gemorragicheskie zabolevaniya: gemorragicheskiy vaskulit, idiopaticheskaya trombotsitopenicheskaya purpura, gemofiliya. glomerulonefrit. pielonefrit. ostraya i xronicheskaya pochechnaya nedostatochnost. saxarniy diabet krovetvorenie, ili gemopoez, — eto protsess vozniknoveniya i posleduyushego sozrevaniya formennix elementov krovi v tak nazivaemix organax krovetvoreniya. kletki krovi proxodyat tseliy ryad stadiy v organax krovetvore...

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