english as a germanic language

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$l1 kyiv national linguistic university subota s.v. lecture 1 english as a germanic language. the old english period. plan the subject of the history of the english language. pie and indo-european languages. pg and germanic languages. periodization of the history of english. main historical events of the oe period. phonetic system of germanic languages: stress, the system of consonants, the main changes (grimm’s law, verner’s law, rhotacism). pg vowel system. the main changes (common germanic fracture, common germanic vowel shift). specific features of common germanic grammar. literature rastorgueva t.a. istoriya angliyskogo yazika. – m.: astrel, 2005. – s. 34-71. ilish b.a. istoriya angliyskogo yazika. – l.: prosveshenie, 1972. – s. 5-8, 12-16, 20-43. ivanova i.p., chaxoyan l.p. istoriya angliyskogo yazika. – m.: visshaya shkola, 1976. – s. 5-16, 46-53. studenets g.і. іstorіya anglіyskoї movi v tablitsyax. - k.: kdlu, 1998. – tables 10-24,26-29 why should we learn the history of …$

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ch of indo-european family while ukrainian belongs to the slavonic branch of the same family, which means that they have a common ancestor. it is usually referred to as proto-indo-european (pie). it existed approximately 6000 years bc. common germanic branch later split up into three groups: north germanic, represented only by old norse, which is also called old icelandic; west germanic, including old high german, old low german, old saxon, old english and old frisian; east germanic group, represented by gothic, burgandian and vandalic. the latter three languages died and are not represented in classification of modern germanic languages. in the 5th c. ad some of the germanic tribes which lived on the northern coast of western europe, namely the jutes, the frisians, the angles and the saxons, crossed the channel and began to conquer britain. the invasion started in 449 ad. since this time we can speak about the …

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nguage is represented by four dialects: northumbrian, mercian, kentish and west-saxon. most of the manuscripts are in west saxon. each of the periods may be characterized by specific features in different aspects of the language: phonology, grammar and vocabulary. if we approach the analysis of the english language of the oe period, we have to mention, first of all, the shift of stress which took place in pg. if in pie there were two kinds of stress - musical and dynamic, in germanic languages only dynamic stress is preserved. in ie word stress was free and movable, in pg (and oe) it became fixed on the first syllable. word stress in pg due to the force of articulation the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent different changes: stressed syllables were pronounced with great distinctness and precision, while unstressed syllables became less distinct and phonetically weakened. pg *mak-oj-an oe macian since the …

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grimm the changes of consonants in pg were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by j. grimm in 1822 the essence of grimm’s law the type of articulation changes while the place of articulation is unchanged. as a result there appeared more fricatives in pg than there were in pie. the correspondences were grouped under 3 acts. each of the acts covered quite a long period of time about 100 years and more. the first consonant shift (grimm’s law, pg consonant shift) i act pie pg p > f t > θ k > χ kʷ > χʷ lat. pes, pedis – goth. fotus, rus. pyat – oe fīf lat. tres – goth. þreiþ, rus. ti – oe þu lat. cord – goth.hairto, lat. nox, noctis – goth.nahts lat. aqua – goth. ahwa ii act b > p d > t g > k gʷ > kʷ rus. …

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great number of exceptions to grimm's law also had a regularity and system of their own, and could be explained logically as well. comparing sanskrit and germanic cognates, verner was able to see that stress patterns in words had influenced the pronunciation of nearby consonants. verner’s law explains regular correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict grimm’s law were for a long time regarded as exceptions. according to verner’s law: all the early pg voiceless fricatives [f, θ, χ], which appeared under grimm’s law, also [s] inherited from pie, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless. t → θ → ð → d lat. altus → oe ald voicing of fricatives in pg (verner’s law) p → f → v → b lat. caput → goth. haubiþ, oe heafod lat. septem → goth. sibun, oe seofon t → …

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l1 kyiv national linguistic university subota s.v. lecture 1 english as a germanic language. the old english period. plan the subject of the history of the english language. pie and indo-european languages. pg and germanic languages. periodization of the history of english. main historical events of the oe period. phonetic system of germanic languages: stress, the system of consonants, the main changes (grimm’s law, verner’s law, rhotacism). pg vowel system. the main changes (common germanic fracture, common germanic vowel shift). specific features of common germanic grammar. literature rastorgueva t.a. istoriya angliyskogo yazika. – m.: astrel, 2005. – s. 34-71. ilish b.a. istoriya angliyskogo yazika. – l.: prosveshenie, 1972. – s. 5-8, 12-16, 20-43. ivanova i.p., chaxoyan l.p. istoriya a...

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