understanding translation units and shifts

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docprops/app.xml docprops/core.xml docprops/thumbnail.jpeg ppt/fonts/font6.fntdata ppt/fonts/font7.fntdata ppt/fonts/font8.fntdata ppt/fonts/font9.fntdata ppt/fonts/font10.fntdata ppt/fonts/font11.fntdata ppt/fonts/font12.fntdata ppt/fonts/font13.fntdata ppt/media/image3.svg ppt/media/image5.svg ppt/media/image8.svg ppt/media/image10.svg ppt/media/image12.svg ppt/media/image14.svg ppt/media/image16.svg ppt/media/image18.svg ppt/media/image20.svg ppt/media/image22.svg ppt/media/image24.svg ppt/media/image26.svg ppt/media/image29.svg ppt/media/image34.svg ppt/media/image37.svg ppt/presentation.xml ppt/_rels/presentation.xml.rels ppt/presprops.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout1.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout1.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout2.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout2.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout3.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout3.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout4.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout4.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout5.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout5.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout6.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout6.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout7.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout7.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout8.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout8.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout9.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout9.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout10.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout10.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout11.xml ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout11.xml.rels ppt/slidemasters/slidemaster1.xml ppt/slidemasters/_rels/slidemaster1.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide1.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide1.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide2.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide2.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide3.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide3.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide4.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide4.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide5.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide5.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide6.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide6.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide7.xml ppt/slides/_rels/slide7.xml.rels ppt/slides

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master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level 8/1/2011 ‹#› click to edit master title style click to edit master text styles 8/1/2011 ‹#› click to edit master title style click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level 8/1/2011 ‹#› click to edit master title style click to edit master text styles click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level click to edit master text styles click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level 8/1/2011 ‹#› click to edit master title style 8/1/2011 ‹#› 8/1/2011 ‹#› click to edit master title style click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level click to edit master text styles 8/1/2011 ‹#› click …

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another, including structural, grammatical, and cultural shifts. what are the shifts of translation? these shifts are the smallest linguistic changes that result when translators translate from one language into another language (htim, 2001). such linguistic changes include, but are not exclusive to, word order, parts of speech, word choice and grammatical aspects such as tense, number, and voice. the unit of translation is normally the linguistic unit which the translator uses when translating. translation theorists have proposed various units, from individual word and group to clause and sentence and even higher levels such as text and intertextual levels . importantly, newmark (1988: 66–7) makes the crucial point that ‘all lengths of language can, at different moments and also simultaneously, be used as units of translation in the course of the translation activity’. while it may be that the translator most often works at the sentence level, paying specific attention to …

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vning fikriga ko’ra “tarjima” atamasi forscha “tarzabon” so’zidan arabiylashib o’zgargan, tarzabon – fors tilida “chiroyli so’zlovchi, notiq, tili burro kishi” degan ma’noni anglatadi. arabcha ushbu so’z “tarjumon” shaklida bo’lib, undan “tarjima” yoki “tarjuma” hosil bo’lgan. (salomov, 1978, 98b). o’zbek tilida u “chevurish”, “o’tkazish”, “qaytarish”, “ag’darish”, “o’girish” atamalari orqali ifoda etiladi. tarjima nazariyasi predmeti – tarjima amaliyoti, tarjima asarlari, tarjima jarayonlari, tarjimon faoliyati, tarjima tarixi va ularni o’rganish asosida tug’ilgan til bilan chambarchas bog’liq, tarjimaning qonun-qoidalari, yo’l-yo’riqlarini aks ettiradi va umumlashtiradi. tarjima nazariyasi tarjimaning keng jonli amaliyoti bilan bog’liq bo’lgan qarashlar, nuqtai nazarlar, kuzatishlar, rang-barang tajribalarni ilmiy-tanqidiy o’rganadi, tarjima qoidalari va tamoillarini, ularning chegaralari, me’yorlarini bayon qiladi. tarjima ilmiy-nazariy o’ganish ob’yekti bo’lishi zarur. unda tahlil va uyg’unlashtirish jarayoniga, matnda nimaga ahamiyat berish lozimligiga, qanday axborot zarurligi va maqsadga erishish uchun nimalarga e‘tibor qilishga qaratilgan bo’lishi lozim. tarjima murakkab jarayon bo’lib, tilshunoslik, psihologiya, madaniyat, adabiy jarayon va boshqa omillarni o’z ishiga oladi. …

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