cardinal and ordinal numerals and the methods of organizing teaching them at the elementary stage

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the ministry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan andizhan state university named after zakhiriddin mukhammad babur faculty of foreign languages department of english language and literature speciality: foreign (english) languages and literature – 5111400 term paper theme: cardinal and ordinal numerals and the methods of organizing teaching them at the elementary stage . 2m-332- groups compiled by: nazarova mashxura supervisor: b.t.sotvoldiyev andijon 2022 cardinal and ordinal numerals and the methods of organizing teaching them at the elementary stage plan 1. introduction 2. brief information on indo-european numerals literature review 3. the analysis of danish cardinal and ordinal numerals 4. summary discussion 5. references: abstract. the article focuses on the danish numerals 1-1000. it presents their proto-indo-european, proto-germanic, old danish and present forms whilst providing additional information on their development and corresponding numerals in other european languages. it focuses primarily on the vigesimal counting system, whose …

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ated by shortly describing the pie counting system and the possibility of its reconstruction. further on, several counting systems that have different numeral bases which can be found among european languages will be distinguished. among these, the origin and usage of the decimal and the vigesimal systems will be described. next, danish cardinal and ordinal numerals will be analysed by providing some of the forms that they acquired during their development. since the following article was not meant to be a thorough historical investigation on the development of danish numbers with each phase carefully examined, but rather a glance at their present forms supplemented by a brief historical background, the listed modern forms will be accompanied by only several major forms that the numeral acquired in a specific phase. apart from this description, special attention will be paid to the numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90, and their origin …

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l”. numerals as a class are very unique: “no class of words [...] has been so persistent as the numerals in retaining their inherited words. [t]he ie words for ‘one’ to ‘ten’ have persisted everywhere with only slight changes other than phonetic; likewise the ie word for ‘hundred’” (buck 1949:936 cited by winter 1992:11). this, on one hand, is not to be taken for granted, because numerals are often borrowed. on the other hand, it is only partially true, since the numerals in the pie counting system form a series and influence each other within it. the development of the numerals is therefore complicated and can be described only in general terms (cf. beekes 1995:212). but even though gvozdanović (1992:11f.) notes that the range of numerals from ‘one’ to ‘ten’ did undergo some changes in all the indo-european languages, and that they still pose some reconstructional problems, she still admits …

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he vigesimal system, in iranian, indo-aryan, albanian, celtic, romance, north germanic, and sporadically as borrowed in slavic; • the system based on ‘hundred’, in modern indo-aryan […]. two of the listed systems function in danish. the usage of the decimal system is no surprise, as it is the dominating system found in every ie language, but the vigesimal1 system is also used to some extent. in the following section, i will have a closer look at both of these systems. 2.3. the decimal and vigesimal counting system as noted before, it is not surprising that the decimal system appears in danish, because it is the main system that all the ie daughter languages have adopted. this way of counting may result from the fact that in prehistory counting was first achieved by using body parts – e.g. the fingers. this is reflected in the etymology of certain numbers, notably in …

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when it appears in the multiplicational forms; cf. hurford 1975:99ff.). french numbers are quite irregular, so it seems to be more plausible to perceive them not as one but two combined systems. it also needs to be mentioned that similar cases may be found in old french (vint e dis 20+10=30 or deus vins 2x20=40). the decimal system is without doubt of pie origin, but how to explain the vigesimal system? it has been attempted to account for its existence with several arguments: 1) it is the outcome of a spontaneous and independent innovation; 2) it is a foreign import; 3) it is of a substratal origin. it is quite relevant to mention that the vigesimal system correlates in a considerably high degree with its presence in non-indo-european languages, for which the system is characteristic, such as modern georgian or gaulish. the latter has been therefore proposed as the origin …

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the ministry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan andizhan state university named after zakhiriddin mukhammad babur faculty of foreign languages department of english language and literature speciality: foreign (english) languages and literature – 5111400 term paper theme: cardinal and ordinal numerals and the methods of organizing teaching them at the elementary stage . 2m-332- groups compiled by: nazarova mashxura supervisor: b.t.sotvoldiyev andijon 2022 cardinal and ordinal numerals and the methods of organizing teaching them at the elementary stage plan 1. introduction 2. brief information on indo-european numerals literature review 3. the analysis of danish cardinal and ordinal numerals 4. summary discussion 5. references: abstract. the article f...

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