the problem of grammatical categories

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1524243696_71274.doc the problem of grammatical categories problems to be discussed: 1. the grammatical structure of a language 2. the morphemic structure of the english language 3. the types of morphemes 4. what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical category" 5. the types of grammatical categories. the grammatical signals have a meaning of their own independent of the meaning of the notional words. this can be illustrated by the following sentence with nonsensical words: woggles ugged diggles. according to ch. fries (32) the morphological and the syntactic signals in the given sentence make us understand that “several actors acted upon some objects”. this sentence which is a syntactic signal, makes the listener understand it as a declarative sentence whose grammatical meaning is actor - action - thing acted upon. one can easily change (transform) the sentence into the singular (a woggle ugged a diggle.), negative (a woggle did not ugg a …

ances is called a grammatical structure of the language. all the means which are used to group words into the sentence exist as a certain system; they are interconnected and interdependent. they constitute the sentence structure. all the words of a language fall, as we stated above, under notional and functional words. notional words are divided into four classes in accord with the position in which they stand in a sentence. notional words as positional classes are generally represented by the following symbols: n, v, a, d. the man landed the jet plane safely nvand words which refer to class n cannot replace word referring to class v and vice versa. these classes we shall call grammatical word classes. thus, in any language there are certain classes of words which have their own positions in sentences. they may also be considered to be grammatical means of a language. so we …

- are morphemic changes - the addition of suffixes and morphological means concomitant morphophonemic adjustments - which adopt words to perform certain structural function without changing their lexical meanings 5. derivational contrast - is the contrast between words which have the same base but differ in the number and nature of their derivational affixes one more thing must be mentioned here. according to the morphological classification english is one of the flexional languages. but the flexional languages fall under synthetical and analytical ones. the synthetical-flexional languages are rich in grammatical inflections and the words in sentences are mostly connected with each-other by means of these inflections though functional words and other grammatical means also participate in this. but the grammatical inflections are of primary importance. the slavonic languages (russian, ukraine…) are of this type. the flectional-analytical languages like english and french in order to connect words to sentences make wide …

fixation but by free morphemes that are used to form analytical word-form, e.g. he will study, i shall go. the meaning of shall, will considered to be grammatical since comparing the relations of invite - invited - shall invite we can see that the function of shall is similar to that of grammatical morphemes -s, -ed. the notion of 'grammatical meaning'. the word combines in its semantic structure two meanings - lexical and grammatical. lexical meaning is the individual meaning of the word (e.g. table). grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole class or a subclass. for example, the class of nouns has the grammatical meaning of thingness. if we take a noun (table) we may say that it possesses its individual lexical meaning (it corresponds to a definite piece of furniture) and the grammatical meaning of thingness (this is the meaning of the whole class). besides, the noun …

orm of the noun; eat's - here the grammatical meaning of possessiveness is shown by the form's; is asked - shows the explicit grammatical meaning of passiveness. the implicit grammatical meaning may be of two types - general and dependent. the general grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech (e.g. nouns - the general grammatical meaning of thingness). the dependent grammatical meaning is the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech. for instance, any verb possesses the dependent grammatical meaning of transitivity/in-transitivity, terminativeness/non-terminativeness, stativeness/nonstativeness; nouns have the dependent grammatical meaning of contableness/uncountableness and animate-ness/inanimateness. the most important thing about the dependent grammatical meaning is that it influences the realization of grammatical categories restricting them to a subclass. thus the dependent grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness influences the realization of the grammatical category of number as the number category is realized only …

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1524243696_71274.doc the problem of grammatical categories problems to be discussed: 1. the grammatical structure of a language 2. the morphemic structure of the english language 3. the types of morphemes 4. what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical category" 5. the types of grammatical categories. the grammatical signals have a meaning of their own independent of the meaning of the notional words. this can be illustrated by the following sentence with nonsensical words: woggles ugged diggles. according to ch. fries (32) the morphological and the syntactic signals in the given sentence make us understand that “several actors acted upon some objects”. this sentence which is a syntactic signal, makes the listener understand it as a declarative sentence whose grammatical meaning …

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