theoretical grammar of english

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ministry of higher and secondary specialized education uzbek state world languages university a.t. iriskulov theoretical grammar of english tashkent 2006 reviewed by: a. kuldashev r. alimardanov layout and design: e. ablyazizova 2 contents lecture 1 language and speech levels……………………………………………………………….……… 5 lecture 2 the grammatical structure of a language………………………………………………………… 8 five signals of syntactic structure………………………………………………………………… 9 lexical and grammatical meaning ………………………………………………………………… 9 lecture 3 the morphemic structure of the english language……………………………………………….. 11 the types of morphemes………………………………………………………………………..… 12 lecture 4 the grammatical categories. …………… …………………………………………… 14 lecture 5 the parts of speech………………… ………………………………………………… 16 lecture 6 the noun…………………………………………………………………………………………... 21 the number and case in modern. english nouns …………………………………. 22 the category of case in nouns…………………………………………………………………… 23 gender in modern english ………………………………………………………………………… 24 lecture 7 the adjectives……………………………………………………………………... 27 the grammatical category of degrees of comparison…………………………………………… 27 substantivization of adjectives…………………………………………………………………… 29 lecture 8 the verb…………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 verb as a part of speech ………………………………………………………………………….. 30 …

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………………………………………………………………………. 40 statives or the words of category of state……………………………………… 41 lecture 10 the functional parts of speech…………………………………………………………………… 43 lecture 11 syntax……………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 the subject – matter of syntax…………………………………………………………………… 45 the types of linguistic relations between words ………………………………………………. 46 types of syntactic relations……………………………………………………… 46 word-combinations and their types …………………………………………………………….. 47 the types of co-ordinate phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48 the types of subordinate phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48 the types of predicative phrases ………………………………………………………………… 48 lecture 12 sentence …………………………………………………………………………………………… 50 the types of sentences …………………………………………………………………………… 51 types of sentences according to the aim of the speaker………………………………………… 52 interrogative sentences…………………………………………………………………………… 52 exclamatory sentences…………………………………………………………………………… 52 imperative sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 53 elliptical sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 53 one -member sentences … ………………………………………………………. 54 lecture 13 3 composite sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 56 compound sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 56 complex sentences ……………………………………………………………………………… 57 the types of complex sentences ………………………………………………………………… 57 the structural approach to the problem of composite sentences ……………………………… 58 назарий грамматикага оид таянч …

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t then this level is qualified as basic or primary. if a level doesn't have a unit of its own then it is a non - basic or secondary level. thus the number of levels entirely depend on how many language (or speech) units in language. there's a number of conceptions on this issue: some scientists say that there are four units (phoneme/phone; morpheme/morph; lexeme/lex and sentence), others think that there are five units like phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, word -combinations (phrases) and sentences and still others maintain that besides the mentioned ones there are paragraphs, utterances and texts. as one can see there's no unity in the number of language and speech units. the most wide - spread opinion is that there are five language (speech) units and respectively there are five language (speech) levels, they are: phonetic/phonological; morphological; lexicological, syntax - minor and syntax - major. the levels and …

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the facts of the language (including expressive means) in which the most essential features (both structural and semantic) of the language forms are raised to a generalized level and thereby present a generative model. most stylistic devices may be regarded as aiming at the further intensification of the emotional or logical emphasis contained in the corresponding expressive means".(12) when talking about the levels one has to mention about the distinction between language and speech because the linguistics differentiates language units and speech units. the main distinction between language and speech is in the following: 1) language is abstract and speech is concrete; 2) language is common, general for all the bearers while speech is individual; 3) language is stable, less changeable while speech tends to changes; 4) language is a closed system, its units are limited while speech tend to be openness and endless. it is very important to take …

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y which depends on the person that pronounces them and on the combinability of the phoneme. phonemes when pronounced in concrete speech vary from person to person, according to how he has got used to pronounce this or that sound. in linguistic theory it is explained by the term "idiolect" that is, individual dialect. besides, there may be positional changes (combinability): depending on the sounds that precede and follow the sound that we are interested in the pronunciation of it may be different, compare: low and battle. the sound "1" will be pronounced differently in these two words because the letter “l" in the first word is placed in the initial position and in the second word it stands after the letter "t". so we face "light" (in the first word) and "dark" version (in the second case). these alternants are said to be in the complimentary distribution and they …

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ministry of higher and secondary specialized education uzbek state world languages university a.t. iriskulov theoretical grammar of english tashkent 2006 reviewed by: a. kuldashev r. alimardanov layout and design: e. ablyazizova 2 contents lecture 1 language and speech levels……………………………………………………………….……… 5 lecture 2 the grammatical structure of a language………………………………………………………… 8 five signals of syntactic structure………………………………………………………………… 9 lexical and grammatical meaning ………………………………………………………………… 9 lecture 3 the morphemic structure of the english language……………………………………………….. 11 the types of morphemes………………………………………………………………………..… 12 lecture 4 the grammatical categories. …………… …………………………………………… 14 lecture 5 the parts of speech………………… ………………………………………………… 16 lecture 6 the noun…………………………………………...

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