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respiratory system

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respiratory system respiratory system chapter 43 respiration process of air exchange oxygen is obtained and carbon dioxide is eliminated gas exchange occurs in the alveoli four parts of respiration ventilation – movement of air between the atmosphere and alveoli perfusion – blood flow through the lungs diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred between alveoli and blood regulation – respiratory muscles and nervous system respiratory tract nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi series of tubes that function as airway passages filter, warm and humidify incoming air pharynx contain the tonsils – normal function is to fight infection larynx – voice box epiglottis flexible cartilage – supported flap that covers the opening of the trachea or (glottis). it automatically closes the opening to the trachea during swallowing. if you eat food to fast it can get lodged in the trachea. heimlich maneuver used to pop food out and back into the …
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surfactant premature infants can have respiratory distress syndrome due to immaturity of lungs. persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). nervous system role nervous system regulates the rate and depth of respirations. medulla oblongata is the respiratory control system of the brain. cough reflex is stimulated by nervous system. disorders of respiratory system infections: bronchiolitis or pneumonia allergic disorders inflammatory disorders obstructive airway disorders bronchial pulmonary dysplasia – premature infants asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (copd) injury to lungs drugs for asthma and broncho-constrictive disorders chapter 44 asthma airway disorder characterized by hyper-reactivity to various stimuli - trigger broncho-constriction inflammation clinical manifestations - asthma dyspnea – difficulty breathing wheezing chest tightness cough – chronic cough may be the only symptom sputum production precipitating factors - triggers viral infections – especially with infants and young children allergies gerd – gastro esophageal reflux disease cigarette smoke smoggy air – smoke from fires …
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ion of airway smooth muscle with subsequent bronchodilation. relatively selective for beta 2 (pulmonary) receptors. beta 2 agonist side effects: nervousness, restlessness, tremor, chest pain and palpitations. nursing implications: assess lung sounds, pulse and blood pressure. monitor pulmonary function tests. observe for bronchospasm – listen for wheezing. beta2 agonist rescue drug – short acting beta2- adrenergic agonist used for prevention and treatment of bronchocontriction. onset 15 to 30 minutes peak 60 to 90 minutes duration 3-6 hours how provided provided in extended-release tablet albuterol syrup nebulizer or dry powder inhaler often used in exercise induced asthma take 15 minutes before exercise albuterol albuterol inh - nebulizer directions for use of inhaler shake well exhale (breathe out) through your nose while keeping mouth shut close lips around mouth piece take slow, deep breath through the mouthpiece as you press down on container to release the medication hold breath for 5-10 seconds …
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ls – wbc’s synthesis of histamine in mast cells production of pro-inflammatory substances uses severe asthma – used when multiple doses of inhaled beta2 agonists are not beneficial po – prednisone iv – methyl prednisone in chronic asthma – inhaled copd – not as effective as the acute / chronic asthma when to call md or go to ed tight chest – wheezing – difficulty breathing symptoms not relieved by home meds. 3 treatments with short-acting beta 2 agonist such as albuterol with no relief. emergency treatment epinephrine iv or sub q for life threatening asthma when inhaled short acting beta 2 drugs have been tried either prior to coming to the ed or in the ed. iv corticosteroids – methyl prednisone or solu-medrol. epinephrine 1 to 10,000 or 0.1 mg/ml epinephrine 1:1000 - 1 mg/ml intermediate acting corticosteroid brand name: solu-medrol classification pharmacologic: corticosteroid (systemic) classification therapeutic: antiasthmatic action: …
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ty breathing activity intolerance cough and sputum production progressive mild copd short acting beta 2 agonist cessation of smoking immunization against flu moderate copd add one or more long-acting bronchodilators such as salmeterol inhaled anticholinergic drugs such as atrovent po theophylline salmeterol brand name: serevent classification pharmacologic: adrenergic classification therapeutic: bronchodilator action: produces accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) at the beta 2-adrenergic receptors. use with caution: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, glaucoma salmeterol – serevent indication: long-term control of reversible airway obstruction due to asthma and for maintenance treatment of asthma. onset in 10 to 25 minutes peak in 3-4 hours duration 12 hours ipratropium or atrovent therapeutic classification: allergy, cold and cough remedies, bronchodilators pharmacologic classification: anticholinergic action: inhibits cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in decreased levels of cgmp. therapeutic effects: bronchodilates without system anticholinergic effects. side effects: hypotension inhaled corticosteroids somewhat controversial some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids …

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respiratory system respiratory system chapter 43 respiration process of air exchange oxygen is obtained and carbon dioxide is eliminated gas exchange occurs in the alveoli four parts of respiration ventilation – movement of air between the atmosphere and alveoli perfusion – blood flow through the lungs diffusion – oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred between alveoli and blood regulation – respiratory muscles and nervous system respiratory tract nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi series of tubes that function as airway passages filter, warm and humidify incoming air pharynx contain the tonsils – normal function is to fight infection larynx – voice box epiglottis flexible cartilage – supported flap that covers the opening of the trachea or (glottis). it automatically closes the …

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