chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)

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toshkent davlat tibbiyot universiteti 511-c guruh talabasi ochilov rahmonqul toshkent davlat tibbiyot universiteti 511-c guruh talabasi ochilov rahmonqul eʼtiboringiz uchun rahmat image2.jpeg image3.jpeg image4.jpeg image5.jpeg image6.jpeg image7.jpeg image8.jpeg image9.jpeg image1.jpg respiratory system nasal cavity pharyngeal tonsil nostril nasopharynx soft palate ———___—>"—__~ oropharynx hard palate ee tongue oral cavity epiglottis larynx _ esophagus trachea = left main bronchus carina of trachea > bronchi right main bronchus left luni right lung ung diaphragm pharynx lung volumes and capacities tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity ‘there are 4 volumes and 4 capacities. note: a capac air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration, 6-8 ml/kg, typically ~$00 ml. air that can still be breathed in after normal inspiration air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration air in lung after maximal expiration; rv and any lung …

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ctive pulmonary disease (copd) trachea {7 bronchus bronchiole harakatlar =) 3.) emphysema bronchitis copd: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & prevention rasmiar mualliflik huqugi bilan himoyatangan bolishi murnkin. batafsil a minchich a canine flow-volume loops flow-volume parameter rv frc bile fev, fc fev /fvc normal >80% predicted >80% predicted >70% obstructive lung disease t t i uy normal or + + fev, decreased more than fvc obstructive, loop shifts tothe left restrictive lung disease + 4 t 4 4 normal or t fey, decreased proportionately to fvc to the right se 8 at 4 = 3 volume ( é f) sat 4 s £8 8 a h,-blockers also called antihistamines. reversible inhibitors of h, histamine receptors (inverse agonists). first generation diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine, doxylamine. names usually contain “-en/-ine” or “-en/-ate.” clinical use allergy, motion sickness, vomiting in pregnancy, sleep aid. adverse effects sedation, antimuscarinic, anti-o-adrenergic. second generation loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetirizine. …

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$mpetitively block muscarinic receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction. also used for copd. 'tiotropium is long acting. montelukast, zafirlukast—block leukotriene receptors (cysl'i'l). especially good for aspirin- induced and exercise-induced asthma. zileuton—5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. + conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes. hepatotoxic. omalizumab—binds mostly unbound serum ige. and blocks binding to fceri. used in allergic asthma with t ige levels resistant to inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting b,-agonists. theophylline—likely causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase + t camp levels due to 4 camp hydrolysis. limited use due to narrow therapeutic index (cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity); metabolized by cytochrome p-450. blocks actions of adenosine. roflumilast—inhibits phosphodiesterase + t camp — bronchodilation, $ airway inflammation. used in copd to reduce exacerbations cromolyn—prevents mast cell degranulation, prevents acute asthma symptoms. rarely used. ‘af monn ey sot mu es dips oh 7 ta oe = ferereyen aste) 4) ts tele ‘ia a hoh toi) mo beanie \ ec) mo motz at a $ …$

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toshkent davlat tibbiyot universiteti 511-c guruh talabasi ochilov rahmonqul toshkent davlat tibbiyot universiteti 511-c guruh talabasi ochilov rahmonqul eʼtiboringiz uchun rahmat image2.jpeg image3.jpeg image4.jpeg image5.jpeg image6.jpeg image7.jpeg image8.jpeg image9.jpeg image1.jpg respiratory system nasal cavity pharyngeal tonsil nostril nasopharynx soft palate ———___—>"—__~ oropharynx hard palate ee tongue oral cavity epiglottis larynx _ esophagus trachea = left main bronchus carina of trachea > bronchi right main bronchus left luni right lung ung diaphragm pharynx lung volumes and capacities tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity ‘there are 4 volumes and 4 ...

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