modern english

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modern english the modern english can be divided into two periods: early modern english - eme (16th to 18th c.) and late modern english - lme (18th to present). the early modern english period is considered to have started with a major change in the pronunciation, the great vowel shift, as a result of which long vowel sounds began to be made higher and further in the mouth while short vowel sounds remained largely unchanged. it is believed that the main factor on this vowel shift was the large number of borrowings from the romance languages which required a different kind of pronunciation. it is exactly this phenomenon that caused many of the oddities of english pronunciation. besides vowel sound changes, english saw some other spelling and pronunciation changes, for instance: the old english ӽ (h in loch or bach) disappeared, thus burӽ was replaced with –burgh, -borough, -brough or …

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far as grammar is concerned, not much changed during this period, though many english grammars were written, the most influential being lowth’s “a short introduction to english grammar” which was extremely prescriptive. lowth was the main source of such “correct” grammar rules as a double negative always yields a positive, a sentence never ends with a preposition and an infinitive should never be separated. this was opposed by joseph priestly in his “rudiments of english grammar” where he states that grammar is defined by common usage and not prescribed by self-styled grammarians. however, it must be noted here that during this period the word order became more fixed, -es came to be used instead of -eth as a mark for the third person singular, -s started to be used in place of -en for plural noun endings, the -ing particle, which was spelled as -and, -end, -ind (running, runnand, runnend, …

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in 12 volumes. it was immediately accepted as the definite guide to the english language. the late modern english is characterized with a vast expansion of the vocabulary that came as a result of two factors: the industrial revolution and the rise of the british empire. most of the innovations of the industrial revolutions of the late 18th and 19th c. were of british origin. a lot of words were coined for new products, machines and processes and in some cases old words were given entirely new meaning (vacuum, cylinder). another english speaking country, the usa, continued the english language dominance of new technology and innovation. british colonialism, on the other hand, was a two-way phenomenon. thus english both lent and borrowed words from its colonies, such as shampoo, tank, jungle (indian), boomerang, kangaroo (australian). with the colonization different variants of english started to emerge. but, although there were speculations …

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horror, emperor). nevertheless, today about 4000 words are used differently in the usa and in britain (lift-elevator, tap-faucet). even the literature of modern english can be divided into two periods. the eme literature consists of writers of the english renaissance (16th – 18th c.) who used deliberate borrowings. the most influential writer of this era is definitely shakespeare who managed to change the language to a significant extent. he took advantage of the relative freedom and flexibility of the language at the time. thus he played with his nouns by using them as verbs, adjectives and adverbs. he coined about 2000 neologisms, most of which are still commonly used. he also introduced countless phrases still in use (vanish into thin air, brave new world). the lme literature includes the 19th – 20th c. writers, on the one hand jane austen who used modern vocabulary and style and ‘correct’ grammar as …

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modern english the modern english can be divided into two periods: early modern english - eme (16th to 18th c.) and late modern english - lme (18th to present). the early modern english period is considered to have started with a major change in the pronunciation, the great vowel shift, as a result of which long vowel sounds began to be made higher and further in the mouth while short vowel sounds remained largely unchanged. it is believed that the main factor on this vowel shift was the large number of borrowings from the romance languages which required a different kind of pronunciation. it is exactly this phenomenon that caused many of the oddities of english pronunciation. besides vowel sound …

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