antibiotiklar bo'yicha dasturlar.

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презентация powerpoint doctrine about antibiotics. antimicrobial chemotherapy. clinical use of antibiotics lecture schedule 1. history of antibiotics discovery. 2. classification of antibiotics. 3. examination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. complication of antibioticotherapy. - diarrheal diseases - 4 billions cases, malaria - 500 mln, acute infection of respiratory tract - 395 mln, sexual transmitted diseases - 330 mln, measles - 42 mln, whooping cough - 40 mln tuberculosis – 1,9 bln of infected persons, 9 mln of new cases of diseases aids – 50 mln cases, 6 mln people died sars, hemorrhagic fever tremendous quantities of antibiotics are produced and released into the environment. 90 – 180 million kg/year of antibiotics are used (enough for 25 billion full treatment courses ~ 4 per human/yr!) about 10 x more antibiotics are used in agriculture than to treat people. (levy 1997 estimated 30 x more in animals than in people). paul ehrlich “magic …

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nst life” the term “antibiotics” was proposed in 1942 by s. waksman antibiotics are molecules that stop microbes, both bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi, from growing or kill them outright. antibiotics can be either natural products or man-made synthetic chemicals. 12 microbial antagonism is the basis of modern use of antibiotics l. pasteur peculiarities of antibiotics - high level of biological activity high election specificity activity of antibiotics is evaluated in international unit or µg/ml spectrum – range of activity of a drug narrow-spectrum – effective on a small range of microbes target a specific cell component that is found only in certain microbes broad-spectrum – greatest range of activity target cell components common to most pathogens antimicrobial agents may be either: bacteriostatic bactericidal bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them. bacteriostatic agents must work with the immune system to remove the microorganisms from the body. …

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ain a rigid girdle of peptidoglycan. penicillin and cephalosporin block synthesis of peptidoglycan, causing the cell wall to lyse. penicillins do not penetrate the outer membrane and are less effective against gram-negative bacteria. broad spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins can cross the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis antibiotics effective against mycobacteria: interfere with mycolic acid synthesis or incorporation isoniazid (inh) ethambutol 21 drugs that disrupt cell membrane function a cell with a damaged membrane dies from disruption in metabolism or lysis. these drugs have specificity for a particular microbial group, based on differences in types of lipids in their cell membranes. polymyxins interact with phospholipids and cause leakage, particularly in gram-negative bacteria amphotericin b and nystatin form complexes with sterols on fungal membranes which causes leakage. rifamycin inhibits rna synthesis antituberculosis quinolones and fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin inhibits dna gyrase urinary tract infections inhibitors of nucleic acid …

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s: erythromycin (gram +, used in children) chloramphenicol drugs that block protein synthesis figure 20.4b penicillins large diverse group of compounds the r group is responsible for the activity of the drug, and cleavage of the beta-lactam ring will render the drug inactive. penicillins g and v most important natural forms penicillin is the drug of choice for gram-positive cocci (streptococci) and some gram-negative bacteria (meningococci and syphilis spirochete) semisynthetic penicillins – ampicillin, carbenicillin & amoxicillin have broader spectra – gram negative enterics rods penicillinase-resistant – methicillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin primary problems – allergies and resistant strains of bacteria beta()-lactams cephalosporins isolated from cephalosporium acremonium mold beta-lactam ring that can be altered relatively broad-spectrum, resistant to most penicillinases, & cause fewer allergic reactions cephalosporins 5 generations exist 1st generation – cefazolin, cephalothin – most effective against gram-positive cocci 2nd generation – cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefonacid – more effective against gram-negative bacteria 3rd …

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aminocyclitol (6c) ring products of various species of soil actinomycetes in genera streptomyces & micromonospora broad-spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis, especially useful against aerobic gram-negative rods & certain gram-positive bacteria streptomycin – bubonic plague, tularemia, tb gentamicin – less toxic, used against gram-negative rods tobramycin & amikacin gram-negative bacteria macrolides mechanism of action inhibit bacterial protein synthesis bacteriostatic mechanism of resistance decreased permeability of drug into the microbe modification of target sites hydrolysis of macrolide by bacterial enzymes specific agents: erythromycin (attaches to ribosomal 50s subunit) azithromycin (zithromax) clarithromycin (biaxin) clindamycin antimicrobial spectrum anaerobes some gram positives inhibits bacterial protein synthesis bacteriostatic adverse effects nausea, diarrhea clostridium difficile tetracycline antibiotics broad-spectrum, block protein synthesis specific agents; aureomycin, terramycin, tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline doxycycline & minocycline – oral drugs taken for stds, rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease, typhus, acne & protozoa chloramphenicol isolated from streptomyces venezuelae potent broad-spectrum drug with unique …

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презентация powerpoint doctrine about antibiotics. antimicrobial chemotherapy. clinical use of antibiotics lecture schedule 1. history of antibiotics discovery. 2. classification of antibiotics. 3. examination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. complication of antibioticotherapy. - diarrheal diseases - 4 billions cases, malaria - 500 mln, acute infection of respiratory tract - 395 mln, sexual transmitted diseases - 330 mln, measles - 42 mln, whooping cough - 40 mln tuberculosis – 1,9 bln of infected persons, 9 mln of new cases of diseases aids – 50 mln cases, 6 mln people died sars, hemorrhagic fever tremendous quantities of antibiotics are produced and released into the environment. 90 – 180 million kg/year of antibiotics are used (enough for 25 billion full treatment courses ~ …

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