thematic groups of common indo european words

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theme: theme: thematic groups of common indo european words teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the indo-european languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of europe, the iranian plateau, and the northern indian subcontinent. some european languages of this family—english, french, portuguese, russian, dutch, and spanish—have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across several continents. the indo-european family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: albanian, armenian, balto-slavic, celtic, germanic, hellenic, indo-iranian, and italic; another nine subdivisions are now extinct. today, the individual indo-european languages with the most native speakers are english, spanish, portuguese, russian, hindustani, bengali, punjabi, french and german each with over 100 million native speakers; many others are small and in danger of extinction. in total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) speaks an indo-european language as a first …

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nto numerous languages spoken across much of europe, south asia, and part of western asia. written evidence of indo-european appeared during the bronze age in the form of mycenaean greek and the anatolian languages of hittite and luwian. the oldest records are isolated hittite words and names—interspersed in texts that are otherwise in the unrelated akkadian language, a semitic language—found in texts of the assyrian colony of kültepe in eastern anatolia dating to the 20th century bc although no older written records of the original proto-indo-european population remain, some aspects of their culture and their religion can be reconstructed from later evidence in the daughter cultures.[3] the indo-european family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as it possesses the second-longest recorded history of any known family, after the afroasiatic egyptian language and semitic languages. the analysis of the family relationships between the indo-european languages, and the reconstruction of …

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ius van boxhorn noted the similarity among certain asian and european languages and theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language that he called scythian.[5] he included in his hypothesis dutch, albanian, greek, latin, persian, and german, later adding slavic, celtic, and baltic languages. however, van boxhorn's suggestions did not become widely known and did not stimulate further research. ottoman turkish traveler evliya çelebi visited vienna in 1665–1666 as part of a diplomatic mission and noted a few similarities between words in german and in persian. gaston coeurdoux and others made observations of the same type. coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of sanskrit, latin, and greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship among them. the sanscrit [sic] language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the greek, more copious than the latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing …

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nd between 1833 and 1852 he wrote comparative grammar. this marks the beginning of indo-european studies as an academic discipline. the classical phase of indo-european comparative linguistics leads from this work to august schleicher's 1861 compendium and up to karl brugmann's grundriss, published in the 1880s. brugmann's neogrammarian reevaluation of the field and ferdinand de saussure's development of the laryngeal theory may be considered the beginning of "modern" indo-european studies. the generation of indo-europeanists active in the last third of the 20th century (such as calvert watkins, jochem schindler, and helmut rix) developed a better understanding of morphology and of ablaut in the wake of kuryłowicz's 1956 apophony in indo-european, who in 1927 pointed out the existence of the hittite consonant ḫ. the various subgroups of the indo-european language family include ten major branches, listed below in alphabetical order: albanian, attested from the 13th century ad;[14] proto-albanian evolved from an …

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r, proto-indo-european. membership in the various branches, groups, and subgroups of indo-european is also genealogical, but here the defining factors are shared innovations among various languages, suggesting a common ancestor that split off from other indo-european groups. for example, what makes the germanic languages a branch of indo-european is that much of their structure and phonology can be stated in rules that apply to all of them. many of their common features are presumed innovations that took place in proto-germanic, the source of all the germanic languages. /docprops/thumbnail.jpeg

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theme: theme: thematic groups of common indo european words teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the indo-european languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of europe, the iranian plateau, and the northern indian subcontinent. some european languages of this family—english, french, portuguese, russian, dutch, and spanish—have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across several continents. the indo-european family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: albanian, armenian, balto-slavic, celtic, germanic, hellenic, indo-iranian, and italic; another nine subdivisions are now extinct. today, the individual indo-european languages with the most native speakers are en...

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