cognitive dissonance review

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powerpoint presentation cognitive dissonance review 1) which group rated the task as more interesting after lying, those paid $1 or $20? why? those who were paid $1 because, since they were only paid one dollar, they had to justify why they lied 2) which group of children viewed the desirable toy as less desirable after they did not play with it, those who were given a mild or severe threat to not play? those who were given the mild threat perceived the toy as less desirable because they had to justify why they failed to play with it (e.g., “the toy wasn’t so great after all”) 3) what is the “ben franklin” effect and why does it occur? doing a favor for someone who you dislike will lead to greater liking of the previously disliked person - behavior (doing a favor) is dissonant with one’s attitude so we change attitude …

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e most fuel efficient cars you can buy. 3. what is your behavioral reaction? do you go to a dealership and test-drive the car and actually buy one? * affectively based attitude an attitude based more on people’s feelings and values than on beliefs about the nature of an object. sometimes we simply like something, a car for example, regardless of how many miles to the gallon it gets (e.g., prestige, image). occasionally we even feel great about something (or someone) despite the existence of negative beliefs (e.g., politicians) * an attitude based more on emotions and values than on an objective appraisal of pluses and minuses is called an affectively based attitude (breckler & wiggins, 1989; zanna & rempel, 1988). as a guide to which attitudes are likely to be affectively based, consider the topics that etiquette manuals suggest should not be discussed at a dinner party: politics, sex, …

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approach emotional approach which approach would be the most effective? * emotion and different types of attitudes several studies have shown that it is best to fight fire with fire: if an attitude is cognitively based, try to change it with rational arguments if it is affectively based, try to change it with emotional appeals (source: fabrigar & petty, 1999; shavitt, 1989; snyder & debono, 1989) * the success of various attitude change techniques depends on the type of attitude we are trying to change. as we saw earlier, not all attitudes are created equally; some are based more on beliefs about the attitude object (cognitively based attitudes), whereas others are based more on emotions and values (affectively based attitudes). (fabrigar & petty, 1999; shavitt, 1989; snyder & debono, 1989) adapted from shavitt, 1990. * shavitt (1990): participants looked at different kinds of advertisements. some were for “utilitarian products,” such …

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how one behaves toward an attitude object. according to daryl bem’s (1972) self-perception theory, under certain circumstances, people don’t know how they feel until they see how they behave we can form our attitudes based on our observations of our own behavior * for example, suppose you asked a friend how much she likes to exercise. if she replies, “well, i guess i like it, because i always seem to be going for a run or heading over to the gym to work out,” we would say she has a behaviorally based attitude. her attitude is based more on an observation of her behavior than on her cognitions or affect. as a guide to which attitudes are likely to be affectively based, consider the topics that etiquette manuals suggest should not be discussed at a dinner party: politics, sex, and religion. people seem to vote more with their hearts than …

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ication (e.g., a speech or television ad) advocating a particular side of an issue persuasive communication how should you construct a message so that it would really change people’s attitudes? * who communicator variables examples: credibility attractiveness status message variables examples: single personal example (e.g., emotional) versus factual one-sided versus two-sided arguments fear appeals audience variables examples: knowledge/ interests personality (e.g., self-esteem) pre-existing attitudes motivation basic factors that influence persuasion what to whom * fear appeals do they work? create a moderate amount of fear in the message (within ethical limits) give audience additional information on how to deal with their fear (e.g., instructions as to where to go, when, why) self-esteem personal relevance perception of control influence of other factors * examples of fear mesages drunk driving drug use seat belt use skin cancer condom use odds of negative outcome (low) time frame may be long between behavior and …

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powerpoint presentation cognitive dissonance review 1) which group rated the task as more interesting after lying, those paid $1 or $20? why? those who were paid $1 because, since they were only paid one dollar, they had to justify why they lied 2) which group of children viewed the desirable toy as less desirable after they did not play with it, those who were given a mild or severe threat to not play? those who were given the mild threat perceived the toy as less desirable because they had to justify why they failed to play with it (e.g., “the toy wasn’t so great after all”) 3) what is the “ben franklin” effect and why does it occur? doing a …

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