philology

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theme: theme: noun in old germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the word philology is used to denote two disciplines; or aspects of human activity. 1. the study of human records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form and determination of their meaning. 2. linguistics. this word is from greek and it means ―love of learning and literature‖. linguistics is the branch of philology which deals with the study of the theoretical and practical problems of language functioning: system, structure and usage. the discipline we are presenting you within the hours given for this subject – that is “roman-german philology” – deals with the problem of working out common features of the germanc group of languages related to each other by the links of common origin. we‘ll speak about the modern status of each member of the germanc group of languages in the modern world. these are the following …

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value of the languages used in certain country or region. language planning is a notion which denotes a certain set of measures undertaken by the state authorities in relation to the languages used in the country. language situation can be of three types: 1) monolingual (unilingual) language situation is a situation in which one language is used as a means of communication within the borders of a country. 2) bilingual language situation. bilingual language policy is such a policy in which two languages are used as a means of communication in a country. there are two of bls: 1. diglossia (from greek đi (two) and glossa – language) 2. bilingualism proper (from latin bi – (two) and lingua (language).in diglossia one of the two languages used in the country is more prefferable than the second one and some privileges are given to that language. in bilingualism the two languages used …

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to match the case they are in. in the following pages, you will learn to use german nouns and articles in their singular and plural forms as well as in the nominative, accusative, dative and genitive cases. at the end of each page, there are exercises so you can practice using nouns and articles in german. nouns (nomen or substantive) are naming words that refer to inanimate objects (der löffel, das buch), living things (die frau, der baum) and concepts (das wetter, die liebe). unlike nouns in english, german nouns are always written with a capital letter and they have a grammatical gender (masculine, feminine or neuter). a noun’s gender determines which article we use (der, die or das). german nouns are also declined (i.e. the article and sometimes the noun’s ending are changed to reflect the case). germanic nouns are divided into classes on the basis of their inflectional …

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roto-indo-european (pie) and proto-germanic nouns, but these had changed almost beyond recognition by the time the bulk of early germanic texts were written down. thus one would be hard pressed to find the thematic vowel in the singular declensions of that same word in its old english and old norse reflexes stān and steinn: here, the a only appears in some of the plural forms (e.g. nominative plural stānas, steinar; the nominative plural is usually a good place to look for the thematic vowel in masculine and feminine nouns). what is worse, the ō of class 2 nouns appears as a as well, so that you could not tell from the nominative plural form laugar alone that you are dealing with an ō-stem, and therefore with a feminine noun. the specific behaviour grammarians look for in a noun is the way it latches onto an inflectional suffix. in most germanic …

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non never spread to the other forms, where an a always follows the root, discouraging liprounding in adjacent vowels if no v (from /w/) intervenes (cf. genitive singular dǫggvar). the the paradigm thus contains an equal number of mutated and nonmutated forms, in which the genitive singular and the dative plural stand out in their respective number. it is also worth observing that the genitive singular, nominative plural, and accusative plural forms of this class are identical in form unlike in old english, the u-stems in old norse are all masculine. they exhibit three notable sound changes: ◦ there is variation in the genitive singular ending of masculine nouns between -s (gests) and -ar (staðar); ◦ there is some contamination from the a-stem ending -i in the dative singular of masculines, yielding forms like gesti, while feminines occasionally take a -u in the dative singular (rǫstu). ◦ breaking, triggered when …

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О "philology"

theme: theme: noun in old germanic languages teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the word philology is used to denote two disciplines; or aspects of human activity. 1. the study of human records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form and determination of their meaning. 2. linguistics. this word is from greek and it means ―love of learning and literature‖. linguistics is the branch of philology which deals with the study of the theoretical and practical problems of language functioning: system, structure and usage. the discipline we are presenting you within the hours given for this subject – that is “roman-german philology” – deals with the problem of working out common features of the germanc group of languages related to each …

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