morphologiya markaziy ingliz tilida

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morphology in middle english nb: anything in quotation marks (and perhaps some not) has been taken from roger lass’s chapter in the cambridge history of the english language, volume 2 inflectional morphology … o “the system of word-level devices (affixes etc.) used by a language for signaling grammatical categories like tense, number, person; o the structure of certain closed paradigmatic sets like personal pronouns.” inflectional morphology has two broad functions: (a) “the actual marking of grammatical categories on words” (e.g. cat-s = cat- ‘plural’) (b) “establishing ‘linkages’ of various kinds between items in the sentence or discourse,” e.g. a. agreement or concord: i walk-ø vs he walk-s b. government: i saw him, not *i saw he c. anaphora: the man scratched his head some definitions agreement or concord: “a type of grammatical relationship between two or more elements in a sentence, in which both or all elements show a particular …

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the me volume of the cambridge history of the english language) “analytic [=isolating] a term referring to language … to indicate an organization through separate words in a particular order rather than one through affixes in words, which is referred to as synthetic. grammatically, more lovely is analytic as compared with lovelier, which is synthetic.” (chel2 608). summary english has a tendency for each part of speech to have one dominant parameter (a) number in the noun phrase: that cat vs those cats (b) tense in the verb phrase: we love cats vs they loved cats how do they get that way? 2 major bases of morphological change (a) sound change (b) analogy: existing forms change on the basis of association with other, preexisting forms morphological analogy (a) extension: “the application of a process outside its original domain,” such as the extension of the plural marker from the oe masculine …

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his to hem silf. oe and heora begra eagan wurdon geopenode; hi oncneowon ðá ðæt hí nacode wæron, and sywodon him ficléaf and worhton him wædbréc. [enter the good samaritan] me: but a samaritan, goynge the weie, cam bisides hym; and he si3 hym, and hadde reuthe on hym oe: đá ferde sum samaritanisc man wið hine; þa hé hine geseah, þá wearð hé mid mildheortness ofer hine ástyred. the noun phrase  in theory, “oe nouns ‘were inflected for case, number and gender’ or ‘had three genders, four cases and two numbers.”  in practice, even in oe, “it was virtually impossible for any single noun form to be uniquely marked for all three”  in practice, “there is in most cases nothing in the form of the noun itself to indicate” gender o “most of the endings were multiply ambiguous” o “-an marked all non-nominative weak forms except …

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n-(e)s pl. nom/acc stān-as pl. dative stān-um ston-en, -es pl. genitive stān-a ston-e, -es table from lass, p. 109 but there was still perceptible variation in me between –s and –n as a plural marker caxton’s ‘egg’ anecdote (crystal p. 57): “and ... a mercer cam into an hows and axed for mete, and specyally he axyd after eggys and the good wyf answerde. that she coude speke no frenshe. and the marchaunt was angry. for he also coude speke no frenshe. but wold haue hadde egges / and she vnderstode hym not / and thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde haue eyren / then the good wyf sayd that she vnderstod hym wel / loo what sholde a man in thyse dayes now wryte. egges or eyren / certaynly it is harde to playse euery man / by cause of dyuersite & chaunge of langage.” nouns: …

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some oe words that didn’t have –an plurals acquire them  mw p. 162: earmthen ‘miseries’ (oe yrmðu, indecl.)  p p. 143: on loanword bon-en “prayers, boons” o in the excerpt below, unhistorical ‘-n’ plurals are underlined (oe draca, pl. dracan is less remarkable, since the –en is historical) “sawles warde, description of hell” (late 12th century)—from rigg wið alles cunnes pinen, ant iteilede draken grisliche as deoflen with every kind of torture, and dragons with tails, as terrible as devils, þe forswolheð ham ihal ant speoweð ham eft ut ... which swallow them whole and then spew them out again ... and some mutated plurals survive from oe  e.g. teeth, feet o by me, mutated vowel leveled throughout the plural  (recall that oe dative sg. tēþ, dative plural tōþum)  me developments not relevant to pde: o might get reinforced with another plural marker  oe …

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morphology in middle english nb: anything in quotation marks (and perhaps some not) has been taken from roger lass’s chapter in the cambridge history of the english language, volume 2 inflectional morphology … o “the system of word-level devices (affixes etc.) used by a language for signaling grammatical categories like tense, number, person; o the structure of certain closed paradigmatic sets like personal pronouns.” inflectional morphology has two broad functions: (a) “the actual marking of grammatical categories on words” (e.g. cat-s = cat- ‘plural’) (b) “establishing ‘linkages’ of various kinds between items in the sentence or discourse,” e.g. a. agreement or concord: i walk-ø vs he walk-s b. government: i saw him, not *i saw he c. anaphora: the man …

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