word building in middle english (m.e.)

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глава 1 word building in m.e content introduction……………………………………………………….………4 chapter 1 word building in m.e 1.1. morphological structure of a word………………………………………6 1.2. the differences b/n a w and m……………………………………….…7 1.3. degrees of derivation…………………………………….……………...8 chapter 2 morphology- word formation 2.1. various ways of word-building in m.e………………………………….9 2.2. modern english phraseology………………………………………..….11 2.3. the latin borrowings of different periods…………………………...…15 chapter 3 french as the most important foreign influence on the english language. 3.1. for building in english…………………………………………………18 3.2.word building……………………………………………………………20 3.3.marphology structure in a word…………………………………………25 conclusion……………………………………………………………….….34 refernces……………………………………………………………………35 introduction word building in middle english (m.e.) involves the creation and modification of words within the english language during the period roughly spanning from the 12th to the late 15th century. middle english was a time of significant linguistic evolution, characterized by the blending of old english roots with norman french influences following the norman conquest of england in 1066. here are some key aspects of word building …

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ivational affixes were primarily of old english and french origin, contributing to the expansion and enrichment of the vocabulary. examples include the addition of the suffix "-ness" to form words like "kindness" and the prefix "un-" to form words like "unhappy." 4. compounding: compounding involves combining two or more separate words to form a new compound word. middle english utilized compounding extensively, often combining old english and french elements to create compounds with complex meanings. for instance, "butterfly" combines the old english word "butere" (butter) with the old english word "fleoge" (fly). 5. blending: blending, also known as portmanteau formation, involves combining parts of two or more words to create a new word whose meaning reflects aspects of its constituent parts. while not as prevalent in middle english as in modern english, some instances of blending can still be observed, particularly in the integration of french and old english elements. …

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linguists understand it differently. some include in the notion of morpheme form-words, parts of speech, e.g. prepositions, and order of words. the linguists of the copenhagen school find several morphemes in one and the same element, e.g. in the word-form лесом the ending -ом contains three morphemes, expressing case, number and gender. morpheme is represented in the language by its variants: allomorphs, having special form, and sounding differently. e.g. dreamed-[d], walked-[t], loaded-[id], sometimes allomorphs sound alike (одинаково). e.g. speaker, actor [ ]. 1.2 the differences b/n a w and m: - a w is autonomous unit of a lang-ge in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and is able to form a sentence by itself. - like a w,a m is an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound pattern. but unlike a w, a m isn’t autonomous unit & can occur in …

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their notional stem-words. e.g. has come . 1.3 degrees of derivation: the abstract complete morphemic model of the common english word: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix. 2.structural class-tion: 1)free m-es.a form may stand alone without changing its meaning.пр:sportive в значении игривый(морфема свободно употр-ся в речи.because it can occur alone). 2)bound m-es.пр:elligant(cause it cant occur alone) 3)semy-bound.they can function both as an affix & as a free m.пр:to do well(free m)-well-known(bound m). affixation(derivation) is the formation of new ws by adding derivational affixes to different types of stems.affixes(prefixes & suffixes)are derivational m-es.they are used to form new ws which consists of a root & a prefix or a suffix or both are called derived words. the part of a w consisting of a root & an affix is called a stem. 1)the zero degree:the stem of such w-s coinsides with a root m. пр.:stree,black,house. 2)the 1st degree:the …

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;6)locative pr-s (supermarket; subway; international; transatlantic; overcome). suffixation is the formation of the ws with the help of suffixes to the root morpheme.the most common class-tion is according to the party-of-speech they serve to form : 1)noun-forming suffixes(ss): doer; sobriety; kingdom; darkness; administration; specialist; communism; development; marriage; variant; askee; actress; 2)adjective-forming ss:laughable;aimless;thankfull;dramatic,economic;serious;evident;stylish;-ative; 3)adverb-forming ss:loudly,lonely;forward;4)verb-forming ss:darken;realize;graduate;classify. according to the general meaning,they give to the w,ss may be subdivided into the following groups: 1.noun ss: 1)ss denoting agent,profession,occupation:-er,-eer(engineer),-ant,-ist; 2)ss denoting abstract ideas:-ness,-ship,-ment,-ism,-tion,-ty,-hood,-dom,-th; 3)ss denoting collectivity:-dom,-ship; 4)feminine ss:-ine,-ess; 5)diminutive ss:y/ie/ey; 2.adjective ss: 1)presence of quality:-ous,-full,-able; 2)absence of quality:-less. conversion(conv)is a type of w-b in which from some w already existing in the lang-ge a new w is made.the new w coincides with the old one in its phonetic shape but belongs to a diff-nt word class.there are 2 main cases of conv: 1)formation of verbs from nouns & rarely from other parts of …

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глава 1 word building in m.e content introduction……………………………………………………….………4 chapter 1 word building in m.e 1.1. morphological structure of a word………………………………………6 1.2. the differences b/n a w and m……………………………………….…7 1.3. degrees of derivation…………………………………….……………...8 chapter 2 morphology- word formation 2.1. various ways of word-building in m.e………………………………….9 2.2. modern english phraseology………………………………………..….11 2.3. the latin borrowings of different periods…………………………...…15 chapter 3 french as the most important foreign influence on the english language. 3.1. for building in english…………………………………………………18 3.2.word building……………………………………………………………20 3.3.marphology structure in a word…………………………………………25 conclusion……………………………………………………………….….34 refernces……………………………………………………………………35 introduction word ...

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