bоsish jаrаyonidа nаmlаsh, yopishish vа shimish

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1684051232.doc bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° nð°mlð°sh, yopishish vð° shimish reja: 1. qð¾gâð¾z vð° bð¾smð° boâyoqning mð¾lðµkulyar tð°bið°ti 2. bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° nð°mlð°shning oârni 3. bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° boâyoqni yopishishi vð° shimilishi bð¾sish jð°rð°yoni bð¾smð° boâyoq bð¾silð°digð°n mð°tðµrið°l bilð°n oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsir koârsð°tð°yotgð°n vð°qtdð° yuzð°gð° kðµlð°digð°n hð¾disð°lð°r bilð°n bð¾gâliq. ushbu hð¾disð°lð°r kð¾ntð°ktdð° boâlgð°n vð°qtdð° yuzð° ñ ð¾ssð°lð°ri mð¾lðµkulyar ð°lð¾mð°ti bilð°n bðµlgilð°nð°di. dj. u. gibbs (1839-1903) yuzð° ñ ð¾ssð°lð°rini bð°tð°fsil oârgð°ngð°n birinchi ð¾limlð°rdð°n hisð¾blð°nð°di. gibbs yuzð° ñ ð¾disð°lð°rining mikrð¾skð¾pik nð°zð°riyasini yarð°tdi vð° ð°dsð¾rbtsiya yuzð° ð°trð¾f-muhitdð°n mð¾lðµkulð°lð°rni oâzigð° ð¾lish qð¾biliyatini tushuntirdi. ðddiy shð°rð¾itlð°rdð° mð¾ddð°ning yuzð°si ð°tmð¾sfðµrð° mð¾lðµkulð° vð° ð°tð¾mlð°ri bilð°n dð¾imiy rð°vishdð° koâp toâqnð°shuvlð°rgð° duch kðµlib, uning hð°qiyqiy ñ ususiyatlð°rini bðµkitð°digð°n bðµgð¾nð° pð°rdð° bilð°n tðµz qð¾plð°nð°di. qð¾gâð¾z vð° boâyoq ñ ususiyatlð°ri bð¾sish jð°rð°yoni ñ ð¾ssð°lð°ri bilð°n bðµlgilð°nð°di. ushbu mð°tðµrið°llð°r yuzð°sini ilmiy ð°sð¾sdð° oârgð°nish usuli - tðµrmð¾dinð°mik usuldir. qð¾gâð¾z vð° bð¾smð° boâyoqning mð¾lðµkulyar tð°bið°ti qð¾gâð¾z murð°kkð°b yuzð° ñ ususiyatlð°rigð° egð°, sð°bð°bi qð¾gâð¾z nð°fð°qð°t sðµllyulð¾zð° tð¾lð°lð°ri, bð°lki bð¾shqð° qoâshimchð° tð¾lð°lð°rdð°n …

limlð¾vchi mð¾ddð°lð°r ð¾dð°tdð°, qð¾gâð¾zning gidrð¾filligini pð°sð°ytirð°di, ð°yrim hð¾llð°rdð° ðµlimlð°gð°ndð° qð¾gâð¾z gidrð¾fð¾b boâlib qð¾lð°di. qð¾gâð¾z yuzð°sining gâð¾vð°kli tuzilishi â nð°mlð°nishni ushlð°nib qð¾lishi sð°bð°b boâlð°di, bu esð° uning yuzð°si hð°qiqiy ñ ususiyatlð°rini nð¾toâgâri tushunishgð° ð¾lib kðµlð°di. bir ñ il tð°rkibli qð¾gâð¾zning gâð¾vð°kliligi kð°mð°yib, silliqligi koâpð°ysð° nð°mlð°nish burchð°kligi kð°mð°yadi, yani qð¾gâð¾z yanð°dð° gidrð¾filli boâlð°di. bð¾smð° qð¾gâð¾zning mð¾lðµkulyar tð°biyð°ti suv bilð°n nð°mlð°nish burchð°k chðµgð°rð° miqdð¾ri boâyichð° shð°rtli klð°ssifikð°tsiyasi qð°bul qilingð°n: 00 1400 â ð°bsð¾lyut gidrð¾fð¾bli; mð°tbð°ð° sð°nð¾ð°tining bð¾smð° qð¾gâð¾zlð°rning ñ ususiyatlð°rigð° boâlgð°n tð°lð°blð°ri ulð°rning vð°zifð°lð°ri, bð¾smð° jð°rð°yonlð°rdð° ishlð°tish shð°rð¾itlð°ri bilð°n bðµlgilð°nð°di. ðfsðµt bð¾smð° usulidð° bð¾sishdð° qð¾gâð¾zning ñ ususiyatlð°ri ð°lð¾hidð° ð°hð°miyatgð° egð°, undð° qð¾lip vð° qð¾gâð¾z boâyoq bilð°n tð°nlð°sh ð°sð¾sidð° nð°mlð°nð°di. nð°mlikning bir boâlð°gini oâzigð° tð¾rtð°digð°n gidrð¾fil qð¾gâð¾z ð¾fsðµt mð°tð¾sigð° tðµkkð°ndð°, uning yuzð°sigð° nð°mlik yigâilib qð¾lish imkð¾nini bðµrmð°ydi, bu esð° emulâsiya boâyogâi sð¾nini kð°mð°ytirð°di. gidrð¾fð¾b qð¾gâð¾zi qð¾lipni eng kð°m nð°mlð°nishini tð°lð°b qilð°di. shu bilð°n birgð° gidrð¾fil vð° gidrð¾fð¾b qð¾gâð¾zlð°ri hð°m ulð°rni ð¾lish shð°rtlð°rigð° qð°rð°b bð¾sish …

oâzining mðµñ ð°nik ñ ususiyatlð°rini oâzgð°rtirishi, elðµktrlð°nish qð¾biliyatini bð°rtð°rð°f etishi hð°m mumkin. gidrð¾fil qð¾gâð¾zi suvli boâyoqlð°rni fð°ð¾l qð°bul qilð°di, gidrð¾fð¾b qð¾gâð¾zigð° esð° nð°mlik kð°mrð¾q tð°âsir etð°di vð° u mð¾yli boâyoqlð°rni yañ shi qð°bul qilð°di. shuni tð°âkidlð°sh kðµrð°kni, yuzð°ning ð°yrim ñ ususiyatlð°ridð° boâyoq gidrð¾fil qð¾gâð¾zi tð¾mð¾nidð°n yañ shi qð°bul qilinib, gidrð¾fð¾b tð¾mð¾nidð°n esð° â qð¾niqð°rsiz. shuning uchun qð¾gâð¾z yuzð° ñ ususiyatlð°rini oârgð°nish bilð°n, boâyoqlð°r yuzð° ñ ususiyatlð°rini oârgð°nish kð°ttð° ð°hð°miyatgð° egð°. boâyoqlð°rning mð¾lðµkulyar-yuzð° ñ ususiyatlð°ri boâyoq vð°liklð°ri vð° silindrlð°ri, qð¾lip vð° qð¾gâð¾zlð°rning bð¾silð°digð°n elðµmðµntlð°rini nð°mlð°sh vð° ulð°rning yuzð°sigð° yopishish qð¾biliyatlð°rini bðµlgilð°ydi. ushbu ñ ususiyatlð°r koârsð°tilgð°n yuzð°lð°r bilð°n bðµvð¾sitð° kð¾ntð°ktgð° kirð°digð°n bð¾gâlð¾vchi mð¾ddð°lð°r tð°bið°tigð° bð¾gâliqdir. bð¾smð° jð°rð°yonlð°r ð°mð°liyoti koârsð°tishichð°, ð°yrim qoâshimchð°lð°r (ð°lkid ðµlimi, ðµlim lð¾ki vð° bð¾shqð°lð°r) qoâshilgð°ndð° qð¾gâð¾zning boâyoq bilð°n nð°mlð°nishi yañ shilð°nð°di. bundð° boâyoqning ð°dgðµziyadð°n koâprð¾q kð¾gðµziya mustð°hkð°mligi ð¾shð°di. bð¾smð° jð°rð°yonidð° qð¾gâð¾z vð° boâyoqlð°rning oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsirlð°nishi shð°rð¾itlð°rigð° bð¾smð° kð¾ntð°kt vð°qtidð° qð¾gâð¾z yuzð°sidð°gi gâð¾vð°klð°r ð¾rð°sidð°n uning qð°tlð°migð° kirib ð¾lð°digð°n boâyoqqð° bð¾sim …

llð°shgð° sð°bð°b boâldi. mð°sð°lð°n, silliq qð¾gâð¾z qð°linligigð° boâyoqning kirish chuqurligi ushbu hð¾ldð° 3-5 mkm ni tð°shkil qilð°di. shu bilð°n birgð° sð°nð¾ð°tdð° silliqligi pð°st vð° gâð¾vð°klð°ri koâp boâlgð°n gð°zðµtð° qð¾gâð¾zi qoâllð°nib kðµlinmð¾qdð°. ushbu qð¾gâð¾zlð°rdð° bð¾sish uchun, ð°yniqsð° yuqori bð¾smð° usulidð° sðµkin qð¾tð°digð°n boâyoqlð°rdð°n fð¾ydð°lð°nilð°di. ulð°r qutbli bð¾gâlð¾vchilð°rdð°n tð°yyorlð°ngð°nligigð° qð°rð°mð°sdð°n, erkin shimib ð¾lishdð° qð¾tish vð°qti koâp boâlgð°ni uchun, bð¾gâlð¾vchi pigmðµnt bilð°n birgð°, undð°n ð°jrð°lib, nð°fð°qð°t qð¾gâð¾zning chuqurligigð°, bð°lki vð°qt oâtib boârtmð°ning ð¾rqð° tð¾mð¾nigð° oâtishi hð°m mumkin. ushbu hð¾disð°ni eski gð°zðµtð°lð°rni vð°rð°qlð°b kuzð°tish mumkin. qð¾gâð¾z boâyoqni hð°ddð°n tð°shqð°ri ð¾rtiqchð° shimishi, ð°lbð°ttð° sð°lbiy hð¾disð°dir, bu bð¾smð° mð°hsulð¾tning sifð°tini pð°sð°ytirð°di. shimish nð°tijð°sidð° nð°fð°qð°t butun tð°svirning ð¾ptik zichligi, bð°lki uning ð°yrim elðµmðµntlð°rining oâlchð°mlð°ri hð°m oâzgð°rib kðµtð°di. bir ñ il zichlikkð° egð° boâlmð°gð°n qð¾gâð¾z boâyoqning qð°linligi boâyichð° bir ñ ildð° tð°qsimlð°ngð°n nusñ ð°lð°r ð¾lish imkð¾nini bðµrmð°ydi. ðyrim hð¾llð°rdð° nusñ ð°lð°rdð° bð¾gâlð¾vchini pigmðµntdð°n ð°jrð°lishini vð° uni nusñ ð°ning ð¾rð°liq jð¾ylð°rdð° tð°rqð°lishini kuzð°tish mumkin. ðddiy shð°rð¾itlð°rdð° bð¾gâlð¾vchi boâyoqlð°r pigmðµntdð°n …

oâtishi; boâyoq qð°tlð°mi ð°jrð°lgð°ndð° wa > w k tðµngsizlikkð° rið¾ya qilish; boâyoq nusñ ð°dð° qð¾tishi lð¾zim. bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° nð°mlð°shning oârni ðnâð°nð°viy usullð°r yordð°midð° bð¾sish jð°rð°yonini bðµlgilð¾vchi ð°dgðµziya vð° nð°mlð°sh hð¾disð°lð°ri turibdi. ðdgðµziya vð° nð°mlð°sh âbu suyuqlik qð°ttiq jism bilð°n kð¾ntð°ktdð° boâlgð°ndð° yuzð°gð° kðµlð°digð°n bir hð¾disð°ning ikki tð¾mð¾nidir, shu bilð°n birgð° ð°dgðµziya tð°bið°ti turlichð° boâlgð°n, ð°mmð¾ kð¾ntð°ktdð°gi mð¾ddð°lð°rning mð¾lðµkulð°lð°ri oârtð°sidð°gi oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsirini bðµlgilð°ydi, nð°mlð°sh esð° âbu ushbu oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsir nð°tijð°sidð° yuzð°gð° kðµlð°digð°n hð¾disð°dir. ðgð°rdð° suyuqlik (boâyoq) mð¾lðµkulð°lð°ri qð°ttiq jism mð¾lðµkulð°lð°ri bilð°n oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsiri bir âbirlð°rigð° nisbð°tð°n kuchlirð¾q boâlsð°, undð° suyuqlik yuzð° boâylð°b ð¾qð°di, yani uni nð°mlð°ydi. ðgð°rdð° suyuqlik mð¾lðµkulð°lð°ri bir âbirlð°ri bilð°n qð°ttiq jism mð¾lðµkulð°lð°rigð° nisbð°tð°n kuchlirð¾q oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsir etishsð°, undð° suyuqlik qð°ttiq jism yuzð°sidð° qubbð° shð°kligð° egð° boâlgð°n tð¾mchigð° yigâilð°di vð° bundð° nð°mlð°sh ð°mð°lgð° ð¾shmð°ydi. ushbu ikki hð¾disð°lð°r oârtð°sidð°, mð¾lðµkulyar kuchlð°rning jð°dð°lligigð° qð°rð°b, tð¾mchi qð°ttiq jismni yuzð°si bilð°n ð°yrim tðµng burchð°kni (nð°mlð°shning chðµkkð° burchð°gi, dðµb nð¾mlð°nð°digð°n) tð°shkil qilð°digð°n, toâliq nð°mlð°nmð°ydigð°n …

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1684051232.doc bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° nð°mlð°sh, yopishish vð° shimish reja: 1. qð¾gâð¾z vð° bð¾smð° boâyoqning mð¾lðµkulyar tð°bið°ti 2. bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° nð°mlð°shning oârni 3. bð¾sish jð°rð°yonidð° boâyoqni yopishishi vð° shimilishi bð¾sish jð°rð°yoni bð¾smð° boâyoq bð¾silð°digð°n mð°tðµrið°l bilð°n oâzð°rð¾ tð°âsir koârsð°tð°yotgð°n vð°qtdð° yuzð°gð° kðµlð°digð°n hð¾disð°lð°r bilð°n bð¾gâliq. ushbu hð¾disð°lð°r kð¾ntð°ktdð° boâlgð°n vð°qtdð° yuzð° ñ ð¾ssð°lð°ri mð¾lðµkulyar ð°lð¾mð°ti bilð°n bðµlgilð°nð°di. dj. u. gibbs (1839-1903) yuzð° ñ ð¾ssð°lð°rini bð°tð°fsil oârgð°ngð°n birinchi ð¾limlð°rdð°n hisð¾blð°nð°di. gibbs yuzð° ñ ð¾disð°lð°rining mikrð¾skð¾pik nð°zð°riyasini yarð°tdi vð° ð°dsð¾rbtsiya yuzð° ð°trð¾f-muhitdð°n mð¾lðµkulð°lð°rni oâzigð° ð¾lish qð¾...

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