a brief language history of the germanic family

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slide 1 we are family: a brief language history of the germanic family dr. m. putnam english 270/german 320 carson-newman college 5/12/08 startling similarities between english and german lexical similarities: german english mann man maus mouse singen sing gast guest grün green haben have vater father a little less obvious lexical similarities german english pfeffer pepper herz heart liegen lie lachen laugh hund ‘dog’ hound knecht ‘servant’ knight weib ‘woman’ wife zeit ‘time’ tide (notice ‘eventide’) grammatical correspondences between german and english formation of comparative and superlative forms german english dick thick dicker thicker (am) dickst(en) thickest irregular comparative and superlative patterns german english gut good besser better (am) best(en) best verb system: past tense of regular verbs german english lachen-lachte laugh-laughed hassen-hasste hate-hated lieben-liebte love-loved irregular forms: german english denken-dachte think-thought bringen-brachte bring-brought vowel allophony (ablaut) in strong verbs german english singen-sang-gesungen sing-sang-sung geben-gab-gegeben give-gave-given fall-fiel-gefallen fall-fell-fallen how do …

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n the distant past, the ancestors of english and german were merely dialects of the same language. differences in the modern languages (i.e., english and german) are due to changes (e.g., lexical borrowing, sound changes, grammatical paradigms, word order (syntax), etc.) proto-indo-european (pie) dates back to 2500-2000 b.c.e. geographically: located for the most part in the lands that extend from india to europe 12 major divisions: albanian, armenian, baltic, celtic, germanic, hittite, indic, iranian, italic, slavic, tocharian, important note: we have no attested written documents in pie. the pie language is a “reconstructed” proto-form (usually indicated with a star - *dagas (days)) linguistic reconstruction – the comparative method: when two languages can be traced back to a common ancestor language, we say that they are genetically related. relationships: proto/parent language daughter language/dialect related words are referred to as cognates. the comparative method an example oe ohg on gothic mode fæder …

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urrounding sounds: on the basis of evidence from pie languages such as sanskrit and greek, verner was able to show that all the words in pie *p had changed in germanic to f either had that *p as the first sound in the word, or >> verner’s law (con’t) >> had the accent on the syllable immediately preceding *p, as in the examples below: ie *pətér > gothic fadar “father” ie *népôt > on nefi “nefi” on the other hand, those *p’s that eventually became german b where those that had not stood in initial position and that had not had the accent on the immediately preceding syllable, as in the example below: ie *sep(t)m > gothic sibun “seven” ie *upéri > ohg ubar “over” linguistics, archeology, and history language groups should never be confused with ethnic groups. the indo-europeans appear to have been organized into rather small groups or …

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and roman historians wrote about the germanic tribes. runic inscriptions – after the second half of the second century, we have written evidence from the germanic peoples themselves. völkerwanderung we may reconstruct a gradual splitting-up of the germanic people and their languages, along with a migration southward out of their original homeland in southern scandinavia. by 200 b.c.e., germanic tribes had apparently spread across the area show below (see map), from northern belgium in the west to the vistula in the east, and south as far as the upper elbe. 5 distinct groups north germanic – remained mostly in scandinavia east germanic – (gothic) east of the oder, and spread along the baltic coast west germanic – west of the oder, and spread out as far as modern belgium istvaeones (weser-rhein group) irinones (elbe group) germania – roman historian tacitus (98 a.d.) ce se x ree tubanti: invasions of the …

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slide 1 we are family: a brief language history of the germanic family dr. m. putnam english 270/german 320 carson-newman college 5/12/08 startling similarities between english and german lexical similarities: german english mann man maus mouse singen sing gast guest grün green haben have vater father a little less obvious lexical similarities german english pfeffer pepper herz heart liegen lie lachen laugh hund ‘dog’ hound knecht ‘servant’ knight weib ‘woman’ wife zeit ‘time’ tide (notice ‘eventide’) grammatical correspondences between german and english formation of comparative and superlative forms german english dick thick dicker thicker (am) dickst(en) thickest irregular comparative and superlative patterns german english gut good besser better (am) best(en) best verb system: past ten...

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