differential diagnosis and treatment of edema

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shish sindromini qiyosiy tashxislash va davolash. ma'ruzachi dotsent raximova m.e. differential diagnosis and treatment of edema about one-third of total-body water is confined to the extracellular space. approximately 75% of the latter is interstitial fluid, and there mainder is the plasma. the forces that regulate the disposition of fluid between these two components of the extracellular compartment frequently are referred to as the starling forces. the hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries and the colloid oncotic pressure in the interstitial fluid tend to promote movement of fluid from the vascular to the extravascular space. generalized - cardiac, renal, hepatic, or nutritional disorders are responsible for a majority of patients with generalized edema. edema local ized - the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed upstream(proximal) of the obstruction increases so that an abnormal quantity offluid is transferred from the vascular to the interstitial space localized edema due to lymphoid obstruction: 1. chronic …

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elaxation promotes an accumulation of blood in the venous circulation at the expense of the effective arterial volume. the presence of heart disease, as manifested by cardiac enlargement and/or ventricular hypertrophy, together with evidence of cardiac failure, such as dyspnea, basilar rales, venous distention, and hepatomegaly, usually indicates that edema results from heart failure. the edema of heart failure typically occurs in the dependent portions of the body. the edema that occurs during the acute phase of glomerulonephritis is characteristically associated with hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension. although some evidence supports the view that the fluid retention is due to increased capillary permeability, in most instances, the edema results from primary retention of sodium and water by the kidneys owing to renal insufficiency. edema of renal disease this state differs from most forms of heart failure in that it is characterized by a normal (or sometimes even increased) cardiac output. patients …

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volume and increases hepatic lymph formation intrahepatic hypertension acts as a stimulus for renal sodium retention and causes a reduction of effective arterial blood volume. hepatis cirrhosis thesealterations are frequently complicated by hypoalbuminemia secondary to reduced hepatic synthesis of albumin, as well as peripheralarterial vasodilation. these effects reduce the effective arterial bloodvolume further, leading to activation of the raas and renal sympathetic nerves and to release of a vp, endothelin, and other sodium and water-retaining mechanisms. in later stages, particularly when there is severe hypoalbuminemia, peripheral edema may develop. asizable accumulation of asciticfluid may increase intraabdominal pressure and impede venous return from the lower extremities and contributeto the accumulation of edema of the lower extremities. a large number of widely used drugs can cause edema. mechanisms include renal vasoconstriction (nsaids and cyclosporine), arteriolar dilation (vasodilators),augmented renal sodium reabsorption (steroid hormones), and capillary damage. drug-indused edema a diet grossly deficient in …

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. edema associated with heart failure tends to be more extensive in the legs and to be accentuated in the evening, a feature also determined largely by posture. when patients with heart failure are confined to bed, edema may be most prominent in the presacral region. severe heart failure may cause ascites that may be distinguished from the ascites caused by hepatic cirrhosis by the jugular venous pressure, which is usually elevated in heart failure and normal in cirrhosis. distribution of edema edema resulting from hypoproteinemia, as occurs in the nephritic syndrome, characteristically is generalized, but it is especially evident in the very soft tissues of the eyelids and face and tends to be most pronounced in the morning owing to the recumbent posture assumed during the night. less common causes of facial edema include trichinosis, allergic reactions, and myxedema. edema limited to one leg or to one or both …

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shish sindromini qiyosiy tashxislash va davolash. ma'ruzachi dotsent raximova m.e. differential diagnosis and treatment of edema about one-third of total-body water is confined to the extracellular space. approximately 75% of the latter is interstitial fluid, and there mainder is the plasma. the forces that regulate the disposition of fluid between these two components of the extracellular compartment frequently are referred to as the starling forces. the hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries and the colloid oncotic pressure in the interstitial fluid tend to promote movement of fluid from the vascular to the extravascular space. generalized - cardiac, renal, hepatic, or nutritional disorders are responsible for a majority of patients with generalized edema. edema local ized - the hyd...

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