hujayra signalizatsiya jarayonlarida

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1f0d8be4-e549-47d2-85a5-94ecb5c1a571.pdf hujayraga signal transduktsiya sistemasi haqida asosiy ma'lumotlar signal transduction in cells u.b.toyirov reja: 1 «biologik signal» va uning uzatilishi haqida 2 birlamchi messendjerlar (first messengers) ekstrahujayraviy signallar 3 ikkilamchi messendjerlarning hujayradagi faoliyati 4 hujayra retseptorlarining tiplari va ularning faollanish mexanizmlari 5 fosforirlanish. proteinkinazalar. fosfatazalar 6 hujayra signalizatsiya jarayonlarida sa2+ ionlarining roli peredacha signala (signalnaya transduktsiya, transduktsiya, signaling, signalizatsiya, angl. signal transduction) — v molekulyarnoy biologii termin «peredacha signala» otnositsya k lyubomu protsessu, pri pomoshi kotorogo kletka prevrashaet odin tip signala ili stimula v drugoy. v bolshinstve sluchaev peredacha signala vnutri kletki predstavlyaet soboy tsep posledovatelnix bioximicheskix reaktsiy, osushestvlyaemix fermentami, chast iz kotorix aktiviruetsya vtorichnimi posrednikami. takie protsessi obichno yavlyayutsya bistrimi: ix prodoljitelnost — poryadka millisekund v sluchae ionnix kanalov i minut — v sluchae aktivatsii proteinkinaz i lipid- oposredovannix kinaz. odnako v nekotorix sluchayax ot polucheniya kletkoy signala do otveta na nego mogut proxodit chasi i daje sutki (v …

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d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%8f https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%92%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9_%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%81%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%98%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5_%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9f%d1%80%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b7%d1%8b https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%d0%9b%d0%b8%d0%bf%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b7%d1%8b&action=edit&redlink=1 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%ad%d0%ba%d1%81%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%8f_%d0%b3%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/signal_transduction https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b0%d1%80%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b0 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%90%d1%83%d1%82%d0%be%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%bc%d1%83%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5_%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%94%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%82 kimyoviy signallarning tiplari • autokrinli – boshqarilish tipi bir hujayrali hayvonlarda uchraydi • parakrinli - boshqarilish tipi sodda hayvonlarda ya'ni nerv va endokrin sistemasi rivojlanmagan organizmlarda uchraydi • sinaptik – boshqarilish tipi asosan neyronlar yordamidagi kimyoviy signallar asosida boshqariladi • gormonal – boshqarilish tipida endokrin hujayralar, endokrin sistema metabolizmni boshqaradi gormonlar , neyrotransmitterlar (atf va glutamat) tsitokinlar , limfokinlar, o'sish faktorlari , retseptorga ega lipofil molekulalar , xemoattraktantlar birlamchi messendjerlar - bular hujayra tashqarisida signalizatsiya jarayonlarida ishtirok etsada ular hujayraning ichidagi ikkilamchi messendjerlarning miqdori boshqarishda ham ishtirok etadi (gormonlar va neyromediatorlar orqali) (first messengers). birlamchi messendjerlarning (agonistlar) membrana retseptorla

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ri bilan bog'lanishidan keyin hujayra ichidagi ikkilamchi messendjerlarning miqdori o'zgaradi. ikkilamchi messendjerlar miqdorining kamayishi (odatda juda kam) yoki ortishi hujayraning tashqi signalga javobini belgilaydi. sa2+ ionlari, adenozin- monofosfata (tsamf) ning tsiklik formasi (atr,adenilattsiklaza) inozitol-1,4,5-trifosfat (irz) diatsilglitserol (dg). uchlamchi messendjerlar ham boooor!!! ir3 i dg obrazuyutsya iz membrannix fosfatidilinozitol- 4,5-difosfatov pod vliyaniem fosfolipazi s. eti vtorichnie messendjeri mogut (podobno tsamf) aktivirovat protein- kinazi. deystvie irz svyazano s uvelicheniem kontsentratsii v kletke sa2+. s fosfoinozitidnoy sistemoy vtorichnix messendjerov svyazani m-xolino- i ots- adrenoretseptori. hujayra retseptorlarining asosan 3 tipi mavjud: - neyromediatorlar retseptorlari (ionotrop yoki ion kanallari bilan bog'liq retseptorlar) - ferment retseptorlari (tirozinkinazalar, hujayra oqsillarining fosforirlanishini amalga oshiradi) - g oqsillari bilan bog'langan retseptorlar (ham ferment ham ion kanallarining faolligini o'zgartirish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan retseptorlar) g-belki aktivatsiya nekotorix retseptorov privodit k stimulyatsii adenilattsiklazi i fosfolipazi s pri uchastii g- belkov (gtf-svyazivayushix belkov). kompleks retseptor- agonist vizivaet konformatsionnie izmeneniya v g-belkax, sposobstvuya svyazivaniyu …

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qimalarida mavjud yoki mavjudmasligini namoyon eta olishi kerak; • ligandning bog'lanishi va uning fiziologik yoki hujayraviy effekti qaytar bo'lishi lozim, retseptorning parametrlari ligandning fiziologik parametrlariga mos kelishi lozim. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a5%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0 • mexanizmlar • signalning uzatilishi taxminan quyidagi sxema asosida kechadi: • tashqi agentning (stimul) hujayra retseptorlari bilan bog'lanishi, • tashqi membranada joylashgan va ikkilamchi messendjerlarning shakllanishiga javobgar bo'lgan effektor molekulaning faollanishi, • ikkilamchi messendjerlarning hosil bo'lishi, • oqsil-nishonlarning vositachilar ta'siridagi faollanishi va ularning ta'sirida keyingi vositachilarning paydo bo'lishiga turtki bo'lishi, • vositachining yo'qolishi. gormonal signallarning hujayraga uzatilish mexanizmlari - peredacha gormonalnix signalov cherez membrannie retseptori - peredacha signalov cherez vnutrikletochnie retseptori gormoni (pervichnie posredniki), svyazivayas s retseptorami na poverxnosti kletochnoy membrani, obrazuyut kompleks gormon-retseptor, kotoriy transformiruet signal pervichnogo posrednika v izmenenie kontsentratsii • steroidnie i tireoidnie gormoni svyazivayutsya s retseptorami vnutri kletki i reguliruyut skorost transkriptsii spetsificheskix genov. • v otsutstvie gormona vnutrikletochnie retseptori svyazani obichno s drugimi belkami v tsitozole …

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ami i vedushiy k obrazovaniyu slojnix efirov fosfornoy kisloti[1]: atf + r-oh → adf + r-opo3h2 • v jivix kletkax fosforilirovanie — odin iz naibolee rasprostranyonnix vidov posttranslyatsionnoy modifikatsii belka. protsessi fosforilirovaniya i defosforilirovaniya razlichnix substratov yavlyayutsya odnimi iz vajneyshix bioximicheskix reaktsiy. oni kataliziruyutsya osobimi fermentami, videlyaemimi v osobiy klass kinaz, ili inache fosfotransferaz. • tak, naprimer, fosforilirovanie ili defosforilirovanie togo ili inogo belka chasto reguliruet funktsionalnuyu aktivnost dannogo belka (usilivaet eyo ili naoborot «viklyuchaet» danniy belok funktsionalno). • pod reaktsiey fosforilirovaniya belka ponimayut prisoedinenie fosfatnoy gruppi cherez fosfoefirnuyu svyaz (o-fosforilirovanie) k gidroksilnoy gruppe bokovoy tsepi ostatka serina, treonina ili tirozina, donorom fosfata pri etom yavlyaetsya atf. v podavlyayushem bolshinstve sluchaev fosforilirovanie proisxodit imenno po etim tryom aminokislotnim ostatkam. odnako v prirode vstrechaetsya takje fosforilirovanie po ostatkam gistidina i arginina (n- fosforilirovanie), aspartata i glutamata (a-fosforilirovanie) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9e%d1%80%d1%82%d0%be%d1%84%d0%be%d1%81%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f_%d0%ba%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%be%d1%82%d0%b0 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a1%d1%83%d0%b1%d1%81%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%82_(%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%be%d1%85%d0%b8%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%8f) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b7 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a4%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a4%d0%be%d1%81%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b5_%d1%8d%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%80%d1%8b https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a4%d0%be%d1%81%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5#cite_note-1 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%90%d0%a2%d0%a4 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%90%d0%94%d0%a4 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%9a%d0%bb%d0%b5%d1%

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1f0d8be4-e549-47d2-85a5-94ecb5c1a571.pdf hujayraga signal transduktsiya sistemasi haqida asosiy ma'lumotlar signal transduction in cells u.b.toyirov reja: 1 «biologik signal» va uning uzatilishi haqida 2 birlamchi messendjerlar (first messengers) ekstrahujayraviy signallar 3 ikkilamchi messendjerlarning hujayradagi faoliyati 4 hujayra retseptorlarining tiplari va ularning faollanish mexanizmlari 5 fosforirlanish. proteinkinazalar. fosfatazalar 6 hujayra signalizatsiya jarayonlarida sa2+ ionlarining roli peredacha signala (signalnaya transduktsiya, transduktsiya, signaling, signalizatsiya, angl. signal transduction) — v molekulyarnoy biologii termin «peredacha signala» otnositsya k lyubomu protsessu, pri pomoshi kotorogo kletka prevrashaet odin tip signala ili stimula v drugoy. v bolshinstv...

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