language and speech levels

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1524243812_71277.doc language and speech levels problems to be discussed: 1. language and speech levels 2. primary and secondary levels 3. units of levels 4. the difference between language and speech language (speech) is divided to certain strata or levels. the linguists distinguish basic and non-basic (sometimes they term them differently: primary and secondary) levels. this distinction depends on whether a level has got its own unit or not. if a level has its own unit then this level is qualified as basic or primary. if a level doesn't have a unit of its own then it is a non - basic or secondary level. thus the number of levels entirely depend on how many language (or speech) units in language. there's a number of conceptions on this issue: some scientists say that there are four units (phoneme/phone; morpheme/morph; lexeme/lex and sentence), others think that there are five units like phonemes, …

uage are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word -building, and lexical, phraseological and syntactical form, all of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. these intensifying forms of the language, wrought by social usage and recognized by their semantic function have been fixed in grammars, dictionaries".(12) "what then is a stylistic device (sd)? it is a conscious and intentional literary use of some of the facts of the language (including expressive means) in which the most essential features (both structural and semantic) of the language forms are raised to a generalized level and thereby present a generative model. most stylistic devices may be regarded as aiming at the further intensification of the emotional or logical emphasis contained in the corresponding expressive means".(12) when talking about the levels one has to mention about the distinction between language and speech because the linguistics differentiates …

units which are the smallest and meaningless. so, the smallest meaningless unit of language is called phoneme; the smallest meaningless unit of speech is called phone. as it's been said above the language units are abstract and limited in number which means that phonemes are abstract and that they are of definite number in languages. the speech units are concrete, changeable and actually endless. this means that language units (phonemes) are represented in speech differently which depends on the person that pronounces them and on the combinability of the phoneme. phonemes when pronounced in concrete speech vary from person to person, according to how he has got used to pronounce this or that sound. in linguistic theory it is explained by the term "idiolect" that is, individual dialect. besides, there may be positional changes (combinability): depending on the sounds that precede and follow the sound that we are interested in …

d "allomorphs". the morpheme of the past tense has at least three allomorphs, they are. /t/, /d/, /id/ - examples: worked, phoned and wanted. the variant of the morpheme depends on the preceding sound in the word. the third level is lexicological which deals with words. word may be a common term for language and speech units. some linguists offer specific terms for language and speech: "lexeme" for language and “lex” for speech. the correlation between "lexeme" and "lex" is the same as it is between “phoneme” and “phone” and “morpheme” and “morph”. “lexeme” is a language unit of the lexicological level which has a nominative function. "lex" is a speech unit of the lexicological level which has a nominative function. thus, both lexeme and lex nominate something or name things, actions phenomena, quality, quantity and so on. examples: tree, pen, sky, red, worker, friendship, ungentlemanly and so on. an …

ked out separate terms for those purposes. the abstract notion "sentence" of language can have concrete its representation in speech which is also called "sentence" due to the absence of the special term. example: "an idea of writing a letter” on the abstract language level can have its concrete representation in speech: john writes a letter. a letter is written by john. since one and the same idea is expressed in two different forms they are called "allo - sentences". some authors call them grammatical synonyms. thus, sentence is language and speech units on the syntax - minor level, which has a communicative function. in the same way the level syntax - major can be explained. the unit of this level is text - the highest level of language and speech. "syntax- major" represents both language and speech levels due to the absence of separate term as well as "text" …

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1524243812_71277.doc language and speech levels problems to be discussed: 1. language and speech levels 2. primary and secondary levels 3. units of levels 4. the difference between language and speech language (speech) is divided to certain strata or levels. the linguists distinguish basic and non-basic (sometimes they term them differently: primary and secondary) levels. this distinction depends on whether a level has got its own unit or not. if a level has its own unit then this level is qualified as basic or primary. if a level doesn't have a unit of its own then it is a non - basic or secondary level. thus the number of levels entirely depend on how many language (or speech) units in language. …

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