comparative analysis of english, uzbek and russian languages word stock and wordformation types

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lecture 14. comparative analysis of english, uzbek and russian languages word stock and wordformation types. key points for discussion: 1.word as a basis unit of a language 1. paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words 2. semantic classification of words 3. classification of words according to their structure key words: utterance, morpheme, allomorphs, lexical meaning, grammatical morpheme. the main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning is a word. this unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. it is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance. a word, however, can be divided into smaller sense units - morphemes. the morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit. the morpheme consists of a class of variants, allomorphs, which are either phonologically or morphologically conditioned, e.g. please, pleasant, pleasure. morphemes are divided into two …

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f general and special meanings (hyperonyms and hyponyms) in languages. in general, it is more natural for english and uzbek to use a hyperonym, while russian typically favours hyponym: english russian uzbek box коробка коробочка шкатулка ящик ящичек қути қутича flask фляга фляжка склянка пузырѐк фляга pot горшок котелок банка кружка кринка тувак naturally, it is possible to show opposite examples in which russian and uzbek words are more general in meaning than its counterparts in english: english russian uzbek finger toe палец бармоқ hand arm рука қўл watch clock часы соат depending on the context russian uses a special prefixed derivative where english and uzbek have a general word: english russian uzbek to cut a finger порезать палец бармоқни кесмоқ to cut a road перерезать дорогу йўлни кесиб ўтмоқ to cut a grass срезать траву ўтни кесмоқ to cut one‘s throat зарезаться, перерезать кому та горло кимнидир сўймоқ (томоғини …

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e stem, e.g. ―reader‖ a person who reads and a book for reading. one and the same word in different syntactical relations can develop different meanings, e.g. the verb in english ―treat‖ in the sentences: · he treated my words as a joke; · the book treats of poetry; · they treated me so sweet;  he treats his son cruelly. in all these sentences the verb ―treat‖ has different meanings and we can speak about polysemy. the word ―polysemy‖ means ―plurality of meanings‖ it exists only in the language, not in speech. a word which has more than one meaning is called polysemantic. different meanings of a polysemantic word may come together due to the proximity of notions which they express. e.g. the english word ―blanket‖ has the following meanings: a woolen covering used on beds, a covering for keeping a horse warm, a covering of any kind ―a …

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(borrowed). after a word is borrowed it undergoes desynonymization, because absolute synonyms are unnecessary for a language. however, there are some absolute synonyms in the language, which have exactly the same meaning and belong to the same style, e.g. to moan, to groan; homeland, motherland etc. in cases of desynonymization, one of the absolute synonyms can specialize in its meaning and we get semantic synonyms, e.g. ―city‖ (borrowed), ―town‖ (native). the french borrowing ―city‖ is specialized. there are also phraseological synonyms in the compared languages, these words are identical in their meanings and styles but different in their combining with other words in the sentence, e.g. ―to be late for a lecture‖ but ―to miss the train‖, ―to visit museums‖ but ―to attend lectures‖; ―боши осмонга етди‖ and ―терисига сиғмади‖ (to be very happy). in each group of synonyms, there is a word with the most general meaning, which can …

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e, and sometimes even if we have a word with one of these suffixes its antonym is formed not by substituting -ful by less-, e.g. ―successful‖ – ―unsuccessful‖. the difference in the uzbek language this type of antonyms is called morphological, e.g. ―ақллиақлсиз‖. the same is true about antonyms with negative prefixes, e.g. ―to man‖ is not an antonym of the word ―to unman‖, ―to disappoint‖ is not an antonym of the word ―to appoint‖in english. the difference between derivational and root antonyms is not only in their structure but in semantics as well. derivational antonyms express contradictory notions, one of them excludes the other, e.g. «active»- «inactive». absolute antonyms express contrary notions. if some notions can be arranged in a group of more than two members, the most distant members of the group will be absolute antonyms, e.g. «ugly», «plain», «good-looking», «pretty», «beautiful», the antonyms are «ugly» and «beautiful». …

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lecture 14. comparative analysis of english, uzbek and russian languages word stock and wordformation types. key points for discussion: 1.word as a basis unit of a language 1. paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of words 2. semantic classification of words 3. classification of words according to their structure key words: utterance, morpheme, allomorphs, lexical meaning, grammatical morpheme. the main unit of the lexical system of a language resulting from the association of a group of sounds with a meaning is a word. this unit is used in grammatical functions characteristic of it. it is the smallest language unit which can stand alone as a complete utterance. a word, however, can be divided into smaller sense units - morphemes. the morpheme is …

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