english literature at the end of the 19th and the beginning ofthe 20th century

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1452091081_63091.doc english literature at the end of the 19th and the beginning ofthe 20th century plan: 1. general background. 2. the edwardian period. 3. the writers of the aesthetic period by 1880 england had become the first modern industrial empire. its large, urban manufacturing centers produced goods that went by rail and then by steamship to consumers all over the world. british investments and energy were expanding and served for the defense of the empire. queen victoria lived until january 1901. her son, edward vii, was nearly sixty years old when he was crowned, and reigned only nine years. these nine years in the history of england are called the edwardian period. despite the brevity of the edwardian period, it saw the development of a national conscience that expressed itself in important social legislation (including the first old-age pensions). it laid the groundwork for the english welfare state. on the …

the vices of the surrounding world, and in some of their works we find a truthful and critical description of contemporary life; on the whole their inner world lacks depth. they were firm in their opinion that it was impossible to better the world. they conveyed the idea that everyone must strive for his own private happiness, avoid suffering and enjoy life at all costs. the decadent writers created their own cult of beauty and proclaimed the theory of "pure art"; their motto was "art for art's sake". (oscar wilde /partially/, john ruskin). besides, the end of the 19lh century also created writers who were interested in human society as a whole (b.shaw, j.galsworthy), and a new type of a writer who was preoccupied with the future of mankind (herbert wells). thomas hardy (1840-1928) thomas hardy was born in southwestern england, western dorsetshire. his father, a skilled stone-mason, taught his …

de he knew well and called it wessex (the name of the anglo-saxon kingdom once located there). he wrote about agrarian working people, milkmaids, stonecutters, and shepherds. hardy's rejection of middle-class moral values disturbed and shocked some readers, but as time passed, his novels gained in popularity and prestige. an architect by profession, he gave to his novels a design that was architectural, employing each circumstance in the narrative to one accumulated effect. the final impression was one of a malign. it was fate, functioning in men's lives, corrupting their possibilities of happiness, and beckoning them towards tragedy. while he saw life thus as cruel and purposeless, he did not remain a detached spectator. he has pity for the puppets of destiny, and it is a compassion that extends from man to the earth-worm, and the diseased leaves of the tree. such a conception gave his novels a high seriousness …

bey, but, because of his lasting relationship with his home district, his heart is buried in wessex. his position as a novelist is difficult to assess with any certainty. at first he was condemned as a "second-rate romantic", and in the year of his death he was elevated into one of the greatest figures of english literature. the first view is ill-informed and the second may well be excessive, but the sincerity and courage and the successful patience of his art leave him a great figure in english fiction. in the world war of ! 914-18 he was read with pleasure as one who had the courage to portray life with the grimness that was possessed and in portraying it not to lose pity. often in times of stress hardy's art will function in a similar way and so enter into the permanent tradition of english literature. oscar wilde (1854 …

refined and the beautiful. so it is pointless to demand that there be any similarity between reality and its depiction in art. thus, he was a supporter of the "art-for-art's sake" doctrine. in his plays the author mainly dealt with the life of educated people of refined tastes. belonging to the privileged layer of society they spent their time in entertainments. in "the importance of being earnest" the author shows what useless lives his characters are leading. some of them are obviously caricatures, but their outlook and mode of behavior truthfully characterize london's upper crust. wilde rebels against their limitedness, strongly opposes hypocrisy, but, being a representative of the upper class himself, he is too closely connected with that very society; that is why his opposition bears no effective resistance. the most popular works of the author are "the happy prince and other tales" (1888), "the picture of dorian gray" …

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1452091081_63091.doc english literature at the end of the 19th and the beginning ofthe 20th century plan: 1. general background. 2. the edwardian period. 3. the writers of the aesthetic period by 1880 england had become the first modern industrial empire. its large, urban manufacturing centers produced goods that went by rail and then by steamship to consumers all over the world. british investments and energy were expanding and served for the defense of the empire. queen victoria lived until january 1901. her son, edward vii, was nearly sixty years old when he was crowned, and reigned only nine years. these nine years in the history of england are called the edwardian period. despite the brevity of the edwardian period, it …

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