german and dutch element in the english vocabulary

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lecture 7. german and dutch element in the english vocabulary many borrowings came from germany such, for instance, as several names of metals and minerals: bismuth, cobalt, quarz, zinc, nickel, feldspar, gneiss, shale. there is also a group of miscellaneous words borrowed directly or indirectly. among them are: waltz, fatherland, kindergarten, leitmotif, rinderpest, rucksack, carouse. german: gar aus — quite out, that is empty the glass), swindler, schnaps, sauerkraut, kapellmeister, plunder, poodle. the influence of german on the ordinary vocabulary of english is not very considerable. the total number of german borrowings is about 1500 words. the majority of borrowings are in the sphere of terminology (75 %). the process of borrowing from german began in the xvi century in connection with the establishment of cultural and economic ties between england and germany. the level of economic development of the two countries was rather high and german borrowings penetrated into …

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beer”, “vermouth”, “schnaps”, “poodle”, “kirsch”, “kummel”, “marzipan”, “carouse”, “waltz”, “swindler”, “lobby”, “vaneer”, “iceberg”, “kindergarten”, “rucksack”. german borrowings are practically devoid of synonyms and are not characterized by changes in their semantic structure (exceptions are very few: german “fraulein” - an unmarried woman develops in english into “fraulein” - a governess of german origin); here we deal with specialization of meaning. 16% of borrowings from german are involved into derivation through affixation (-ism, -ish, -lc, -lee, -ly), 2% are capable of conversion (“to plunder”-“plunder”, “blitz” – “to blitz”). though the number of german borrowings can’t be compared with borrowings of romanic origin, the influence of german is obvious in the xix-xx centuries and the fact should not be overlooked. a great number of german borrowings are words denoting social, political, and philosophic concepts: “objective”, “subjective”, “determinism”, “intuition”, “transcendental”, “constant value”, “class struggle”, “world-view-determinism”, “idea”, “form”, “obscurant”, “dialectics”, etc. during the second …

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many words adopted from the german language. but there are not so many german lexical units which were included in the english dictionary. the thing is that a lot of german words which relate to the sphere of science serve as a constitution from latin and greek root. words denoting conceptions of social and political and philosophic character, and terminological stratum, which relates to maritime case are treated as german adopted words. first adoptions were made in the sixteenth century. in this period words related to commerce, military science, names of plants and the rest were adopted.  by the term october revolution is meant the revolution against the czarist government which was in november 1917. for example: «lance-knight»-»ландскнехт» «kreutzer»-»крейцер (название монеты)» «groschen»-»гроши» «staff»-»штаб» very serious influence of german language is seen in the sphere of mineralogy: «bismuth»-«висмут» «cobalt»-»кобальт» «zink»-«цинк» «wolfram»-»вольфрам» «nickel»-«никель» «iceberq»-«айсберг». in xix century appeared many new adopted …

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uck»-»шедевр» «wonder child»-from german «wunderkind»-»вундеркинд» the impact of the dutch language. in the word stock of the english vocabulary compact relations between england and netherlands were reflected in the sphere of commerce, military and economics. holland is one of the closest countries to england (in the territorial meaning). all trades of england up to xvi century were limited to river basins of baltic and northern seas. between english ports and ports of ganzei union the brisk connection was supported. the plenty of words concerning shipbuilding, navigation, trade was borrowed during this period from the dutch language. for example: «buoy»-from dutch «boei»-»буй» «cruise»-from dutch «kruis»-»крейсирование» «dock»- from dutch «docke»-»док» «skipper»- from dutch «schipper»-»шкипер» «sloop»- from dutch «sloep»-»шлюп» «yacht»- from dutch «jacht»-»яхта» «bulwark»- from dutch «bulwark»-»бастион» «rover»- from dutch «rover»-»пират, морской разбойник» «deck»-from dutch «deck»-»палуба» «ledger»- from dutch «ledger»-»бухгалтерская книга» through the history of england we may see that in xiii-xiv centuries …

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bove information it is seen that the influence of dutch language to the english language is restricted by some special features and notions which proves that there was a connection between holland and england. during much of the 1600s, the netherlands was a world power, especially at sea, and this influence contributed to the english language in the form of borrowings from dutch into english of various nautically and aquatically themed words. here’s a list of many of these terms (a few of which were adopted from, or may derive from cognates in, other languages) and their definitions and their dutch origins. 1. avast (“stop”): from hou vast, meaning “hold fast” 2. bow (“front of a ship”): from boeg (or from old german or old norse) 3. brackish (“salty”): from brac (or a low german cognate), meaning “salty” 4. buoy (“marker” or, as a verb, “mark with a buoy” or …

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lecture 7. german and dutch element in the english vocabulary many borrowings came from germany such, for instance, as several names of metals and minerals: bismuth, cobalt, quarz, zinc, nickel, feldspar, gneiss, shale. there is also a group of miscellaneous words borrowed directly or indirectly. among them are: waltz, fatherland, kindergarten, leitmotif, rinderpest, rucksack, carouse. german: gar aus — quite out, that is empty the glass), swindler, schnaps, sauerkraut, kapellmeister, plunder, poodle. the influence of german on the ordinary vocabulary of english is not very considerable. the total number of german borrowings is about 1500 words. the majority of borrowings are in the sphere of terminology (75 %). the process of borrowing from german began in the xvi century in …

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