lecture 6. the french element in the english vocabulary

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lecture 6. the french element in the english vocabulary points: 1. introductory; early and later loans. 2.various other elements and russian borrowings in the english vocabulary. 3.neologisms, archaisms, hybrids and etymological doublets key words and word combinations: loans, foreign adoptions, etymological sense, influx, over-indulgence, flooding of the vocabulary, naturalization of words, internationalism, neologisms, archaisms, coinages, international fund of words no subsequent single influence on english has been equal in its effect to that of the norman conquest which, as is known, began in 1066. loan-words adopted through the conquest of england by the norman french and the subsequent intercourse between the two nations extending through the whole middle english period are, no doubt, most important foreign adoptions in the english vocabulary. in books devoted to teaching english it has been customary to consider the french element as but one division of latin borrowings , which seems justified in the strictest …

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them retain a sort of french pronunciation, with certain modifications of vowel sounds on analogy with english words. it is not easy to estimate the exact relation of the french loan element to the whole number of borrowed words in english, but the largest number of borrowed words in english from any one source is from french, the latin words standing next in order of numbers. french loans in the english vocabulary may be subdivided into two main groups: 1. early loans - 12th-15th centuries; 2. later loans - beginning from the 16th century. 2. early french loans early french loans were thoroughly naturalized in english and made to conform to the rules of english pronunciation. the early borrowings from french were simple short words as distinguished from later introductions. this will be seen from an examination of a number of common monosyllabic words derived from early french. examples falling …

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[spauz]. in a few cases the process of assimilation was facilitated by the fact that a french word happened to resemble an old native one; this was sometimes the natural consequence of french having in some period borrowed the corresponding word from some germanic dialect. thus no one can say exactly how much modern rich owes to the old english rice (rich, overful) and how much to the french riche; the noun richess (now riches) displaced the early middle english richedom. but on the whole such similarities between the two languages were few in number. the french dominance is particularly felt in the vocabulary of law. most words pertaining to law are of french origin. the following examples may suffice to illustrate this: accuse, court, fee, guile, heritage, judge, justice, justify, penalty, privilege, plaintiff, session, suit, etc. some words which originally used to be technical juridical words have gained a …

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r classes, we find a great many borrowings from french among words connected with the church, such as: blame, lesson, pray, service, tempt, etc. quite a number of such words belong now to the common language, such as: tempt, lesson, blame, etc. the relation between the normans and the english are to be seen in such words taken from different domains, as: sir and madam, master and mistress, with their opposite servant, command and obey, riches and poverty, interest, rest, cash, etc. there is a predominance of french words in the vocabulary of cookery, which is shown by a great many words, such as: boil, dainty, jelly, fry, pasty, pastry, roast, sauce, sausage, soup, toast, etc. we shall find a very large number of french words denoting different objects that make life enjoyable, e. g. comfort, delight, joy, flower, fruit, pleasure, etc. recent borrowings from french are of course frequent …

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. coup, rouge, sou; e) eau — [ou], e. g. chateau; f) final consonant p, s, t not pronounced, as in: coup, debris, ragout, trait, ballet, debut. quite a number of late borrowings from french are so fluctuating that there is no standard in their pronunciation, e. g. garage - [ga'ra:j], ['ga?rid^],[^xra:j]; naive - [na:'i:v, netv] naive - [neiv] naivete - [nai'i.-ytei] nai'vety — [na:'i:vti] naivety — -qfiieivti] vase-[va:z,veis,veiz]; restaurant—[ restarant, 'resun ] 3. various other elements in the english vocabulary large scale borrowings in the english vocabulary came from other romance languages, italian, spanish and portuguese. cultural and commercial relations between england and italy in the epoch of the renaissance, especially in the 16th century, brought in many: italian words. the english travelled frequently in italy, observed italian life and culture and brought back not only italian manners and styles of dress but italian words, such as: balcony, bust, …

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lecture 6. the french element in the english vocabulary points: 1. introductory; early and later loans. 2.various other elements and russian borrowings in the english vocabulary. 3.neologisms, archaisms, hybrids and etymological doublets key words and word combinations: loans, foreign adoptions, etymological sense, influx, over-indulgence, flooding of the vocabulary, naturalization of words, internationalism, neologisms, archaisms, coinages, international fund of words no subsequent single influence on english has been equal in its effect to that of the norman conquest which, as is known, began in 1066. loan-words adopted through the conquest of england by the norman french and the subsequent intercourse between the two nations extending through the whole middle english period are, no doub...

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