various types and ways of word formation

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lecture iii. word – formation 1. various types and ways of forming words the available linguistic literature on the subject cites various types and ways of forming words. earlier books , articles and monographs on word-formation and vocabulary growth in general both in the russian language and in foreign languages , and in the english language , in particular, used to mention morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic types of word -formation. at present the classification of the types of word-formation do not, as a rule, include lexico-semantic word-building. from this point of view of special interest is the classification of word-formation means grounded on the number of motivating bases which many scholars follow. a distinction is made between two large classes of word-building means: - to classl belong the means of building words having one motivating base. to give an english example, the noun catcher is composed of the base catch- …

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n such as do-er, un-do, rain-bow; 2. words which are not grammatical syntagmas, i.e. which are not made up of full linguistic signs. to the first group belong compounding, suffixation, prefixation, derivation by a zero morpheme and back-derivation, to the second - expressive symbolism, blending, clipping and rime, and ablaut gemination, word-manufacturing. it is characteristic of both groups that a new coining is based on a synchronic relationship between morphemes. 2. basic peculiarities of word-formation we proceed from the understanding of word-formation and its classification types according to a. i. smimitsky's conception as they are given in his book on english lexicology. word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. for instance, the noun driver is formed after the pattern v+er, i.e. a verbal stem + the …

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d-derivation have only one derivational base and one derivational affix, e.g. cleanness (from clean), to overestimate (from to estimate), chairmanship (from chairman), openhandedness (from openhanded), etc. some derived words have no derivational affixes, because derivation is achieved through conversion, e.g. to paper (from paper), a fall (from to fall), etc. words created by word-composition have at least two bases, e.g. lampshade, ice-cold, looking-glass, daydream, hotbed, speedometer, etc. within the types, further distinction may be made between the ways of forming words. the basic ways of forming words in word-derivation, for instance, are affixation and conversion. it should be noted that the understanding of word-formation as expounded here excludes semantic word-building as well as shortening, sound- and stress-interchange which traditionally are referred to minor ways of word-formation. by semantic word-building some linguists understand any change in word-meaning, e.g. stock - 'the lower part of the trunk of a tree'; 'something lifeless …

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of the vocabulary does come about through the appearance of a pair of homonyms. - the appearance of homonyms is not a means of creating new words, but it is the final result of a long and labourious process of sense-development. futhermore, there are no patterns after which homonyms can be made in the language. - diverging sense-development results in a semantic isolation of two or more meanings of a word, whereas the process of word-formation proper is characterized by a certain semantic connection between the new word and the source lexical unit. for these reasons diverging sense-development leading to the appearance of two or more homonyms should be regarded as a specific channel through which the vocabulary of a language is replenished with new words and should not be treated on a part with the processes of word-formation, such as affixation, conversion and composition. the shortening of words also …

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coined by changing the root- vowel of a word or by shifting the place of the stress. sound-interchange as well as stress-interchange in fact has turned into a means of distinguishing primarily between words of different parts of speech and as such is rather widespread in modern english, e.g. to sing—song, to live—life, strong—strength, etc. it also distinguishes between different word-forms, e.g. man—men, wife—wives, to know—knew, to leave—left, etc. sound-interchange falls into two groups: vowel-interchange and consonant-interchange. by means of vowel-interchange we distinguish different parts of speech, e.g. full—to fill, food—to feed, blood—to bleed, etc. in some cases vowel-interchange is combined with affixation, e.g. long—length, strong—strength, broad—breadth, etc. intransitive verbs and the corresponding transitive ones with a causative meaning also display vowel-interchange, e. g. to rise—to raise, to sit—to set, to lie—to lay, to fall— to fell. the type of consonant-interchange typical of modern english is the interchange of a …

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lecture iii. word – formation 1. various types and ways of forming words the available linguistic literature on the subject cites various types and ways of forming words. earlier books , articles and monographs on word-formation and vocabulary growth in general both in the russian language and in foreign languages , and in the english language , in particular, used to mention morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic types of word -formation. at present the classification of the types of word-formation do not, as a rule, include lexico-semantic word-building. from this point of view of special interest is the classification of word-formation means grounded on the number of motivating bases which many scholars follow. a distinction is made between two large classes …

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