english morphology

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the morphology of the english language is a part of english grammar which studies the structure of the english word, its components and functions and the formation of the word. the english morphology is studying the word’s root, affixes, suffixes, bases, inflections and phonemes. 1. the root is the main part of the english word. it doesn’t have any prefixes, suffixes, etc. · kind · mix · fix 2. affixes are added to the root and change its meaning. affixes are prefixes that are placed in front of the root. suffixes are placed at the end of the word, and infixes are inserted in the middle of the word. · tide – tidy – untidy · saxomaphone the word base is the part of a word without an ending. · look – looked 3. the morpheme is a minimal language unit which has its meaning. the morpheme could be a …

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e probably pronounced as they are now 2. syntax 1. synthetic vs. analytic languages 1. synthetic mostly uses inflections to indicate relation of ideas in sentence 2. analytic uses word order, helper verbs, and prepositions to indicate relation of ideas in sentence 2. modern english is analytic; old english is synthetic 3. hypotactic vs. paratactic style 2. morphology 1. few words from latin; none from french 2. about 85% of the oe vocabulary has been lost, replaced by words borrowed from french and latin after the oe period 3. resourceful morphology 1. self-explaining compounds 1. in modern english, ballpoint pen, desktop vs. laptop computer 2. application of native words to new concepts 1. in some cases, the anglo-saxons kept their existing words and applied them to new concepts: e.g., god instead of deus, heaven, hell; plow (measure of land > agricultural implement) 4. basic morphology is germanic 5. expanded vocabulary …

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the romans, and these words show the new and important areas of contact between the two cultures. 2. war: camp (battle), segn (banner), weall (wall), mil (mile) 3. trade: ceap (bargain), mangian (to trade, cf. "monger"), pund (pound), mynet (coin) 4. wine trade: win (wine), must (new wine), eced (vinegar), flasce (flask) 5. domestic life: cytel (kettle), pyle (pillow), cuppe (cup), disc (dish), linen, line (rope) 6. food: ciese (cheese), spelt (wheat), pipor (pepper) butere (butter), 7. building arts: cealc (chalk), copor (copper), pic (pitch), tigele (tile) 8. misc.: mul (mule), draca (dragon), pawa (peacock), sicor (safety), casere (emperor), sæternesdæg (saturday) 4. latin of the first period: celtic transmission 1. these popular loan-words come from the period of roman occupation of britain. surprisingly, fewer latin words entered into our word stock at this time than one would think. 2. ceaster (from latin castra (camp)); e.g. chester, colchester, manchester, winchester, lancaster …

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e, spelter (asphalt), sponge, elephant, phoenix, circle, legion, giant 1. latin from the benedictine reform (10th-11th c.): these are mostly scholarly loan-words 1. religious matters: alb, antichrist, antiphoner, apostle, canticle, cantor, cell, chrism, cloister, collect, creed, dalmatic, demon, dirge, font, idol, nocturn, prime, prophet, sabbath, synagogue 2. education: accent, brief (the verb), decline, history, paper, pumice, quatern, title 3. plant names 4. medical: cancer, circuladl (shingles), paralysis, scrofula, plaster 5. animals: aspide (viper), camel, lamprey, scorpion, tiger 2. scandinavian influence: vikings and danes (8th c. onward); apart from the place names, only about 40 words in oe 1. because the language of the scandinavian invaders and oe are so similar, it is often hard for modern scholars to tell whether a word was native or borrowed. 2. phonological tests: "sc" & " sk"; hard "k" & "g" 1. one test is phonological: how is the "sc" spelling pronounced? oe words …

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s adapted from the later contact with the scandinavians are more peaceful. some nouns: axletree, band, bank, birth, boon, dregs, egg, reindeer, scales, score, scrap, snare, steak, swain, window. some adjectives: awkward, ill, meek, muggy, rotten, weak. some verbs: to bait, to bask, to glitter, to kindle, to screech, to thrive. 2. relationships of borrowed to native words 1. in some cases, scandinavian and english words were used side by side, and the ne word represents both ancestors, e.g., burn, drag, fast, gang, scrape, thick 2. when the scandinavian and english words differed, the english words often survive, 1. e.g., bench, goat, heathen, yarn, flay 2. we find scandinavian loan-words for such ideas in use through the me period, but for some reason they dropped out in favor of the new words 3. occasionally, however, the scandinavian eclipsed the native word, e.g., ey vs. egg 4. in other cases, both …

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the morphology of the english language is a part of english grammar which studies the structure of the english word, its components and functions and the formation of the word. the english morphology is studying the word’s root, affixes, suffixes, bases, inflections and phonemes. 1. the root is the main part of the english word. it doesn’t have any prefixes, suffixes, etc. · kind · mix · fix 2. affixes are added to the root and change its meaning. affixes are prefixes that are placed in front of the root. suffixes are placed at the end of the word, and infixes are inserted in the middle of the word. · tide – tidy – untidy · saxomaphone the word base …

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