organic chemistry 1

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powerpoint 프레젠테이션 muhammad saiful islam khan, phd akfa university, school of medicine tashkent, uzbekistan organic chemistry 1 mochem 1: 4 credit hours college of medicine lesson 1 the basics— bonding and molecular structure ❑ atomic structure ❑ the structural theory of organic chemistry ❑ chemical bonds: the octet rule ❑ how to write lewis structures ❑ exceptions to the octet rule ❑ formal charges and how to calculate them ❑ resonance theory ❑ the structure of methane and ethane: sp3 hybridization ❑ the structure of ethene (ethylene): sp2 hybridization ❑ the structure of ethyne (acetylene): sp hybridization ❑ molecular geometry: the valence shell electron pair repulsion model ❑ how to interpret and write structural formulas ❑ applications of basic principles college of medicine topics covered college of medicine organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon. c-compounds are central to life on this planet. according to …

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$fertilizers and pesticides. synthesis of organic compounds nucleus is a tiny fraction of the volume of an atom orbitals are probabilities college of medicine atomic structure college of medicine atomic structure college of medicine the structural theory of organic chemistry two major concepts: 1. the atoms in organic compounds can form a fixed number of bonds using their outermost shell (valence) electrons. carbon is tetravalent; that is, carbon atoms have four valence electrons and can form four bonds. oxygen is divalent, and hydrogen and (usually) the halogens are monovalent: 2. a carbon atom can use one or more of its valence electrons to form bonds to other carbon atoms (catenation) college of medicine isomers: the importance of structural formulas chemists frequently found examples of different compounds that have the same molecular formula. such compounds are called isomers. their structures have the same molecular formula but a different constitution. we call …$

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f atoms joined exclusively or predominantly by covalent bonds. college of medicine electronegativity college of medicine ch5n, c2h6, ch3f consider the following compounds and decide whether the bond in them would be ionic or covalent. atoms share electrons to obtain the configuration of an inert gas, that increased electron density between the positive nuclei. the resulting attractive forces of nuclei for electrons is the “glue” that holds the atoms together elements of the second period have eight electrons around them as they have only one 2s and three 2p orbitals available for bonding. covalent bonds: :lewis structure college of medicine exceptions to the octet rule elements of the third period and beyond have d orbitals that can accommodate more than 8 electrons and therefore can form more than four covalent bonds. college of medicine formal charges and calculations where f is the formal charge, z is the group number of …

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structure of ethyne (acetylene): sp hybridization college of medicine lewis dot structure of methane c . . . . carbon - 4 valence e hydrogen - 1 valence e h. 1s22s22p2 1s college of medicine in ground state 2 bonding sites, 1 lone pair 4 tetrahedral geometry excited state hybridize 4 identical sp3 orbitals zyx2p 2s 4 sigma bonds requires 4 hybrid orbitals ch4 c h h h h 2s 2p x y z ground state sp3 sp3 hybridization 4 regions of electron density college of medicine hybridization college of medicine sp3 is tetrahedral geometry methane college of medicine ethane structure college of medicine sp2 hybridization 3 regions of electron density pz h h c h h ch2=ch2 c 3 sigma bonds requires 3 hybrid orbitals 2s 2p x y z ground state 2s 2p x y z 3 identical sp2 orbitals hybridize excited state trigonal planar geometry 3 sp2 …

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alides are also called haloalkanes. alkyl halides are classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°). this classification is based on the carbon atom to which the halogen is directly attached. college of medicine polar covalent bonds write δ+ and δ- by the appropriate atoms and draw a dipole moment vector for any of the following molecules that are polar: if electronegativity differences exist between two bonded atoms, and they are not large, the electrons are not shared equally and a polar covalent bond is the result. > 0.4 en diff. college of medicine polar and nonpolar molecules any diatomic molecule in which the two atoms are different will, of necessity, have a dipole moment. in general, a molecule with a dipole moment is a polar molecule. electronegativity and geometry college of medicine polar and nonpolar molecules polar covalent bonds strongly influence the physical properties and reactivity of …

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powerpoint 프레젠테이션 muhammad saiful islam khan, phd akfa university, school of medicine tashkent, uzbekistan organic chemistry 1 mochem 1: 4 credit hours college of medicine lesson 1 the basics— bonding and molecular structure ❑ atomic structure ❑ the structural theory of organic chemistry ❑ chemical bonds: the octet rule ❑ how to write lewis structures ❑ exceptions to the octet rule ❑ formal charges and how to calculate them ❑ resonance theory ❑ the structure of methane and ethane: sp3 hybridization ❑ the structure of ethene (ethylene): sp2 hybridization ❑ the structure of ethyne (acetylene): sp hybridization ❑ molecular geometry: the valence shell electron pair repulsion model ❑ how to interpret and write structural formulas ❑ applications of basic principles …

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