biomolecules

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powerpoint 프레젠테이션 biomolecules it is a study of the chemical changes/reactions going on within the living system biochemistry bio-organic bio-inorganic molecules we study carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids others lipids vitamins hormones carbohydrates cx(h2o)y c12h22o11 c12(h2o)11 hydrates of carbon; this definition has limitation; such as ch3cooh can be represented as c2(h2o)2, but its not a carbohydrate. college of medicine there are some compounds don’t satisfy this formula but yet its carbohydrate; rhamnose c6h12o5 but its physical and chemical properties matches with carbohydrates modern definition: carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or any such compounds which produce on hydrolysis among the compounds that belong to this family are cellulose, starch, glycogen, and most sugars 1. on the basis of reducing nature: non-reducing (sugar) and reducing sugar (glucose and all monosaccharide), lactose, maltose 2. on the basis of sweetness: sweet / not sweet 3. on the basis of c- number: triose, …

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of medicine the family of d-aldoses college of medicine the family of d-ketoses college of medicine the family of d-ketoses ❑ plays prominent roles in biochemistry ❑ source of energy ❑most abundant substance on biochemistry ❑omnipotent fuel in biology importance of (+)-d- glucose college of medicine college of medicine storage of (+) d-glucose in biopolymer d-glucose starch cellulose in plant seeds as food frame work of structure of plants glycogen animal starch transported via blood stream stored in liver d-glucose is interconvertible in starch, glycogen, cellulose linear structure of (+)-d- glucose ❑ + sign indicates it will rotate ppl clockwise ❑ d is naming, presence of –oh in right side (5th c from the top) ❑ the fisher projection d is just mirror image of l ❑ 3 –oh group is in right side in d and it will be opposite on l college of medicine ❑ c6h12o6 (using mole …

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etric centers, the key compound in this determination is d-arabinose ❑ glucose does not show 2,4-dnp test, schiff’s base test (colorless to red ppt), nahso3 addition product, ❑ penta acetate form nh2-oh does not react to produce oxime (this is because pentaacetate does not form an open chain structure). ❑ isolation of two crystalline forms of d-glucose indicating the absence of free aldehyde group. ❑ the open-chain structure exists, primarily, in equilibrium with two cyclic forms. failure of straight chain structure college of medicine cyclisation of (+)-d- glucose college of medicine college of medicine cyclic structure of d-glucose diastereomers differing only at the hemiacetal or acetal c are called anomers, x-ray analysis have demonstrated that the actual conformations of the rings are the chair forms diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another and are non-superimposa ble on one another mp of α glucose 419 and β …

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anomer, and this result is called an anomeric effect: an anomeric effect will frequently cause an electronegative substituent, such as a hydroxyl or alkoxyl group, to prefer the axial orientation. mutarotation college of medicine college of medicine important reactions of d-glucose ❑ reaction with alcohol ❑ reduction with hi in presence of red p ❑ reaction with hcn ❑ reaction with hydroxyl amine ❑ reaction with excess phenyl hydrazine ❑ reaction with acetic anhydride ❑ oxidation with bromine water ❑ oxidation with conc. hno3 ❑ reactions with tollens reagent ❑ reaction with fehling's solution ❑ reduction with na.hg college of medicine glyosidic linkage a hemiacetal can react with an alcohol to produce acetal. glucose itself a hemiacetal, therefore the hemiacetal –oh group at c-1 of glucose can react similarly to produce the corresponding acetal. acetal derived from glucose are known as glucoside, specifically the sugar from which they are derived. …

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ually, chemists isolated salicin from other plant materials and were able to show that it was responsible for the analgesic effect of the willow bark (salicin). presence of glyoside in nature college of medicine college of medicine enolization, tautomerization, and isomerization monosaccharides undergo isomeriz ations via enolates and enediols in aqueous base. here we show how d-glucose isomerizes to d-mannose and to d-fructose. college of medicine oxidation reactions of monosaccharides sugars that give + ve tests with tollens’ or benedict’s solutions are known as reducing sugars, carbohydrates containing a hemiacetal group give + ve tests. carbohydrates with acetal groups do not give + ve tests are nonreducing sugars blue benedict’s soln brick red ppt in aqueous solution the hemiacetal form of sugars exists in equilibrium with noncyclic aldehydes or a-hydroxy ketones. acetals do not exist in equilibrium with aldehydes or a -hydroxy ketones in the basic aqueous media of the …

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powerpoint 프레젠테이션 biomolecules it is a study of the chemical changes/reactions going on within the living system biochemistry bio-organic bio-inorganic molecules we study carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids others lipids vitamins hormones carbohydrates cx(h2o)y c12h22o11 c12(h2o)11 hydrates of carbon; this definition has limitation; such as ch3cooh can be represented as c2(h2o)2, but its not a carbohydrate. college of medicine there are some compounds don’t satisfy this formula but yet its carbohydrate; rhamnose c6h12o5 but its physical and chemical properties matches with carbohydrates modern definition: carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or any such compounds which produce on hydrolysis among the compounds that belong to this family are cellulose, starc...

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