geografik axborot tizimlari

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rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout7.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout11.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout10.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout9.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout8.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout6.xml.rels ppt/slidemasters/slidemaster1.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout2.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout5.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout1.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout4.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout3.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout6.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout11.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout8.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout9.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout10.xml ppt/diagrams/layout3.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle3.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle4.xml ppt/diagrams/layout4.xml ppt/drawings/_rels/vmldrawing1.vml.rels ppt/diagrams/colors4.xml ppt/diagrams/colors3.xml ppt/drawings/vmldrawing1.vml ppt/embeddings/oleobject1.bin ppt/media/image1.jpeg ppt/diagrams/layout1.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle1.xml ppt/diagrams/colors1.xml ppt/diagrams/layout2.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle2.xml ppt/diagrams/colors2.xml ppt/media/image2.wmf ppt/diagrams/layout5.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle5.xml ppt/media/image11.png ppt/diagrams/colors8.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle8.xml ppt/diagrams/layout8.xml ppt/theme/theme1.xml docprops/thumbnail.jpeg ppt/diagrams/colors5.xml ppt/media/image5.jpeg ppt/diagrams/quickstyle6.xml ppt/diagrams/layout7.xml ppt/diagrams/quickstyle7.xml ppt/diagrams/colors7.xml ppt/diagrams/layout6.xml ppt/media/image4.png ppt/diagrams/colors6.xml ppt/tablestyles.xml ppt/presprops.xml ppt/viewprops.xml docprops/core.xml docprops/app.xml ppt/media/image10.png ppt/media/image12.png ppt/media/image13.png ppt/media/image3.png ppt/media/image6.png ppt/media/image7.png ppt/media/image8.png ppt/media/image9.png ppt/slides/_rels/slide18.xml.rels ppt/slides/slide26.xml [content_types].xml _rels/.rels docprops/custom.xml reja : 1. geografik axborot tizimlariga ta’rif 2. geografik axborot tizimlarining rivojlanis

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h tarixi 3. geografik axborot tizimining kartografik asoslari gat ma’lumot to’plash ma’lumot saqlash ma’lumot boshqarish , tahlil qilish ma’lumotni chiqarish karta (ing. map, chart, grek. chartes - varaq ma’nosini bildiradi) er yuzining va uning ayrim katta qismining sferik yuzasiga tushirilgan proektsiyasining qog‘ozdagi kichraytirilgan tasviridir. karta ma’lum kartografik proektsiya yoki zonal sistemasidagi to‘g‘ri burchakli koordinatada tuziladi. nomenklatura deb topografik kartalarni varaqlarga bo‘lish, hamda bu varaqlarni belgilash, ya’ni ularga nom berish tizimiga aytiladi ( rasm 3). raqamli karta (numerical, digital map) – kartalarni proektsiyalashda, koordinata va balandlik tizimini aniqlashda qabo‘l qilingan kartografik generalizatsiyalash qonunlari asosida tashkil etilgan yuzaning raqamli modeli aytiladi. boshqacha aytganda raqamli kartografik ma’lumot. kompyuter kartasi bu avtomatlashgan kartografiyalashning vositalari (grafoqurilma, plotter, printer, digitayzer, yordamida qog‘ozda, plastikda, fotoplyonkadagi tasvir) yordamida grafik qurilmada chiqarilgan karta turidir. ma’lumotlarni kompyuter xotirasiga mavjud raqamli ma’lumotlar to‘plami yoki raqamlashtirish yo‘li orqali kiritish . ma’lumotlarni bir formatdan ikkinchi formatga aylantirish , kartografik proekktsiya larni transformatsiyalash , …

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lash uslublarining barchasi bir maqsadni ko‘zlab amalga oshiriladi ya’ni jadvaldagi ma’lumotlarni raqamli kartada tartibli holda joylashtirib va ketma-ketlik, yagonalikni saqlagan holda insonga tushunish va albatta izlab topishga oson bo‘lishi uchun ularni to‘g‘ri joylashtirish. geografik axborot tizimining asosiy vazifalari bu fazoviy-geografik ma’lumotlarni to‘plash, saqlash, boshqarish, tahlil qilish, modellashtirish va tasvirlashdan iborat bo‘lgan mutaxassis tahlilchilar boshqaruvi ostidagi umumlashgan kompyuter tizimidir (d.p. lusk) yuqorida kurstailgan ta’rifdagi fazoviy-geografik ma’lumotlar turkumiga barcha er to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni, jumladan koordinatalarni, er chegaralarini, ular joylashgan joy to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni, joyning huquqiy va iqtisodiy ma’lumotlarini va boshqa ko‘plab muhim bo‘lgan fazoviy ma’lumotlarni tushunish lozim. atribut ma’lumotning joyda va ma’lumotlar bazasida joylashuvi sho‘rlanganligi sho‘rlanmagan kuchsiz sho‘rlangan o‘rtacha sho‘rlangan kuchli sho‘rlangan sho‘rxoklar eroziyaga uchraganligi eroziyaga uchramagan kuchsiz eroziya kuchli eroziya tuproq tipi tipchasi mexanik tarkibi gumus bilan ta’minlanganligi toshloqlik darajasi kontur raqami kadastr raqami tuproq ball boniteti ekin turi ekin hosildorligi maydoni perimetri qishloq xo‘jaligida foydalaniladigan erlar sug‘oriladigan erlar sug‘orilmaydigan (lalmi) erlar yaylovlar …

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di erlari 6.tabiatni muhofaza qilish maqsadlariga mo‘ljallangan erlar 7.tarixiy-madaniy maqsadlarga mshljallangan erlar 8.zahira erlar atributlarning jadvallarda joyla shu vi (manba: longley, 2005 ) geokodlash geokodlash atamasi gatda ko‘cha manzillarini kenglik va uzoqlik yoki boshqa o‘xshash koordinata tizimiga o‘zgartirish jarayonida qo‘llaniladi. geokodlashning muhim talablaridan biri bu obekt va jadval orqali bog‘langan ma’lumotlar yagona bo‘lishi zarur va shu orqali kartada berilgan ma’lumotlar boshqa erda takrorlanmasdan chalkashlikka olib kelmasligi zarur. bundan tashqari iloji boricha geokodlanayotgan obekt har doim o‘zgarmas va barqaror bo‘lishi kerak. aks holda tez-tez o‘zgarib turadigan obektlar kelajakda har xil chalkashlik va tushunmovchiliklarga olib kelishi mumkin. geokodlash jadvali geokodlangan karta atributlar bu ma’lumotlar bazasida o‘rin olgan sonli va belgili (ramzli) tavsiflardir. atributlarda saqlanadigan ma’lumotlar umumiy, tarkibiy va belgili turlarga tegishli bo‘lishi mumkin. masalan gatda kartada tasvirlangan y erlar to‘g‘risidagi ma’lumotlarni atribut ko‘rinishda quyidagicha tasvirlash mumkin . gat bilan bog’liq fanlar ae’rotasvir - rasm . geografik axborot tizimining umumiy ko‘rinishi . (manba: …

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