typology of phraseological units in english, uzbek and russian languages

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lecture 15. typology of phraseological units in english, uzbek and russian languages. comparative analysis of english and native languages word- formation types key points for discussion: · word formation in linguistics · types of word formation in compared languages · similarities in word formation ways of compared languages · differences in word formation ways of compared languages key words: word formation, semantic change, idiomatic expressions, root, particles word formation in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. the line between word formation and semantic change is sometimes a bit blurry; what one-person views as a new use of an old word, another person might view as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of …

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nces can be observed. the main similarity of forming words is having the way of affixing in all compared languages. and all of them have the subtypes, such as pefixing, suffixing and prefix-suffix. for instance, english prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words and it is mostly characteristic for forming verbs. prefixes can be considered more independent than suffixes in english. they can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound morphemes, e.g. re- (rewrite). prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overprotected) (cf. over the book). prefixes can be classified according to different principles: 1. semantic classification: a) prefixes of negative meaning, such as : in- …

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an combine with бе-, ба-, но-, сер-, ҳам- бебаҳо, баобрў, серҳосил, ҳамшаҳарand etc. all prefixes in the uzbek language are borrowed from tajik and persian languages. thus, prefixation is a productive way of word formation in all languages. and they can form nouns and adjectives besides verbs. for example, in difference from english and russian uzbek language prefixes cannot form verbs, they are used for nouns and adjectives. even though nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be formed in english in the same way as in russian, the difference between english and russian is that the adverbs cannot be formed by prefixation in english. moreover, there is another similarity of compared languages in aproductive way of forming words is suffixing. the main function of suffixes in compared languages is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of …

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meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote: a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student), ок(игрок),-чи(ишчи). b) nationality, e.g. -ian (russian), -ese (japanese), -ish (english).on the contrary with english russian and uzbek can show place of thenation: -вич (москвич),лик(тошкентлик). c) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability), -увчан (қизиқувчан). d) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry, -ship (readership), ati(literati). e) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette (kitchenette). 3. lexico-grammatical character of the stem. suffixes which can be added tocertaingroupsofstemsaresubdividedinto: a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as: -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization); -ство (правительство), -ация (модернизация); -кич (кўрсаткич), -ги (супурги). b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), -ful (roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); -ый (гордый), ный(умный);-кор(пахтакор),-гар(заргар). c) suffixes added to adjective stems, …

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owel in the syllable coming after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc. however, stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages:to af`fix `affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract, `игрыигр`ы, п`оля- пол`я, `янги(adv.) - янг`и (adj.), ҳ`озир(adj.) - ҳоз`ир (adv.) . sound imitationis the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. and this type of forming words can be observed in all languages. there are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation: a) sounds produced by human beings, such as:to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc; шептать, чихать хихикать, бормотать; пичирламоқ, ғўнғирламоқ, минғирламоқ. b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as:to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc; лаять, мычать, щебетать, вовулламоқ, миѐвламоқ,сайрамоқ. c) sounds produced by nature and …

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lecture 15. typology of phraseological units in english, uzbek and russian languages. comparative analysis of english and native languages word- formation types key points for discussion: · word formation in linguistics · types of word formation in compared languages · similarities in word formation ways of compared languages · differences in word formation ways of compared languages key words: word formation, semantic change, idiomatic expressions, root, particles word formation in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. the line between word formation and semantic change is sometimes a bit blurry; what one-person views as a new use of an old …

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