airborne transmission precautions for category a agents (cholera, plague)

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category a agents (cholera, plague). patients should be placed in separate rooms or cohorted together. negative pressure rooms are not generally needed. the rooms and surfaces and equipment should undergo regular decontamination preferably with sodium hypochlorite. healthcare workers should be provided with fit tested n95 respirators and protective suits and goggles. airborne transmission precautions should be taken during aerosol generating procedures such as intubation, suction and tracheostomies. all contacts including healthcare workers should be monitored for development of symptoms of covid-19. patients can be discharged from isolation once they are afebrile for atleast 3 d and have two consecutive negative molecular tests at 1 d sampling interval. this recommendation is different from pandemic flu where patients were all clinicians should keep themselves updated about recent developments including global spread of the disease. • non-essential international travel should be avoided at this time. people should stop spreading myths and false information …

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zed sl covs, i.e., bat-sl-cov strain wiv1 (rbd with eight amino acid differences from sars cov) but not bat-sl-cov strain shc014 (24 amino acid differences) (200). appropriate rbd-specific mabs can be recognized by a relative analysis of rbd of sars cov-2 to that of sars-cov, and cross-neutralizing sars-cov rbd-specific mabs could be explored for their effectiveness against covid-19 and further need to be assessed clinically. the u.s. biotechnology company regeneron is attempting to recognize potent and specific mabs to combat covid-19. an ideal therapeutic option suggested for sars-cov-2 (covid-19) is the combination therapy comprised of mabs and the drug remdesivir (covid-19) (201). the sars-cov-specific human mab cr3022 is found to bind with sars-cov-2 rbd, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent proteins without the presence of s protein would not confer any noticeable protection, with the absence of detectable serum sars-cov-neutralizing antibodies (170). antigenic determinant sites present over s and …

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ruses. sars-cov-2 has been reported to be closely related to sars-cov (173, 174). hence, knowledge and understanding of other clinical trials in different phases are still ongoing elsewhere. immunomodulatory agents. sars-cov-2 triggers a strong immune response which may cause cytokine storm syndrome 60,61. thus, immunomodulatory agents that inhibit the excessive inflammatory response may be a potential adjunctive therapy for covid-19. dexamethasone is a corticosteroid often used in a wide range of conditions to relieve inflammation through its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. recently, the recovery trial found dexamethasone reduced mortality by about one third in hospitalized patients with covid-19 who received invasive mechan ical ventilation and by one fifth in patients receiving oxygen. by contrast, no benefit was found in patients without respiratory support146. tocilizumab and sarilumab, two types of interleukin-6 (il-6) receptor-specific antibodies previously used to treat various types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, and cytokine release syndrome, showed effec …

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nificant potential of sars-cov-2 transmission in a susceptible population. this is not the first time where the culinary practices of china have been blamed for the origin of novel coronavirus infection in humans. previously, the animals present in the live-animal market were identified to be the intermediate hosts of the sars outbreak in china (78). several wildlife species were found to harbor potentially evolving coronavirus strains that can overcome the species barrier (79). one of the main principles of chinese food culture is that live slaughtered animals are considered more nutritious (5). after 4 months of struggle that lasted from december 2019 to march 2020, the covid-19 situation now seems under control in china. the wet animal markets have reopened, and people have started buying bats, dogs, cats, birds, scorpions, badgers, rabbits, pangolins (scaly anteaters), minks, soup from palm civet, ostriches, hamsters, snapping turtles, ducks, fish, siamese crocodiles, and other …

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ere [7]. the number of cases started increasing exponentially, some of which did not have exposure to the live animal market, suggestive of the fact that human-to-human transmission was occurring [8]. the first fatal case was reported on 11th jan 2020. the massive migration of chinese during the chinese new year fuelled the epidemic. cases in other provinces of china, other countries (thailand, japan and south korea in quick succession) were reported in people who were returning from wuhan. transmission to healthcare workers caring for patients was described on 20th jan, 2020. by 23rd january, the 11 million population of wuhan was placed under lock down extended to other cities or hupel province. cases of covid-19 in countries outside china were reported in those with no history of travel to china suggesting that local human-to human transmission was occurring in these countries [9]. airports in different countries including india put …

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category a agents (cholera, plague). patients should be placed in separate rooms or cohorted together. negative pressure rooms are not generally needed. the rooms and surfaces and equipment should undergo regular decontamination preferably with sodium hypochlorite. healthcare workers should be provided with fit tested n95 respirators and protective suits and goggles. airborne transmission precautions should be taken during aerosol generating procedures such as intubation, suction and tracheostomies. all contacts including healthcare workers should be monitored for development of symptoms of covid-19. patients can be discharged from isolation once they are afebrile for atleast 3 d and have two consecutive negative molecular tests at 1 d sampling interval. this recommendation is different fr...

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