early notes about german tribes

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early notes about german tribes plan: 1. germanic alphabets. 2. the prehistory of the tribes or peoples who spoke gothic language. germanic tribes used 3 (three) different alphabets for their writings. these alphabets partly succeeded each other in time. the earliest of these was the runic alphabet, each separate letter being called rune. runes have a very peculiar look for eyes accustomed to modern european alphabets. next comes ulfila's gothic alphabet (4th century). this is the alphabet of ulfila's gothic translation of the bible, a peculiar alphabet based on the greek alphabet, with some admixture of latin and runic letters. in editions of the gothic text a latin transcription of the gothic alphabet is used. the latest alphabet to be used by germanic tribes is the latin alphabet. it superseded both the runic and gothic alphabet when a new technique of writing was introduced. the material now used for writing …

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f this theory in the following example - every rune in different languages had separate and original meaning, which didn't fully coincide with another one in the second language. like all others components of language, runes endured numerous changes: in form, style of writing, system of sounds and letters, which expressed them. we can say that these alphabets took wide spreading not only among scandinavian and german tribes, but we can also trace its penetration in celtic and slavonic languages. now runes keep their main original meaning - in the beginning they were the symbols of fortunetelling lore with sacred sense and mystic signs (the general matter why they didn't get wide diffusion before ad). even the word "rune" corresponds as "secret" (compare old celtic "run", middle welsh "rown", modem german "raunen"). the last 1000 years in iceland runes have been used for divination. in anglo-saxon england the hours of …

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378, the visigoths defeated and slew emperor valens. for a time they lived peaceably on roman territory. in 395 they rose in rebellion under their ambitious young king alaric and overran a large part of the eastern empire. in 410 rome fell into the hands of the visigoths. alaric led the attack. alaric's successors led their people out of italy and set up a powerful kingdom in spain and southern gaul. in the year 507 the visigoths in gaul were defeated by the franks and were forced beyond the pyrenees. for 200 years their kingdom in spain flourished. it did not come to an end until 711, when the moors crossed over from africa and in a terrible eight-day battle destroyed the visigothic kingdom. and that was the end of the visigoths as an independent people. the ostrogoths for a time formed part of the vast horde which followed the …

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as the direct object • vocative:for the person addressed (it is usually the same form as the nominative). nouns: the inflectional ending depends on: ▪the stem of the word: the stems include a-, ia-, 0-, i-, u- and n-stems. these terms refer to the reconstructed primitive germanc (eg bird: "fug/s" is an a-stem, cf the primitive germanc word: *fuglaz). ▪the gender of the word: gothic has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. ▪whether the word is singular or plural. adjectives: the adjective takes the same gender, number and case as the noun. the endings also vary according to: - the stem to which the adjective belongs (as for the nouns above). - inflection: weak inflection (for the vocative and after a definite article) and strong inflection (in all other situations). articles and demonstrative pronouns the definite article is an important new development in germanc. it arose from the demonstrative pronoun and …

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early notes about german tribes plan: 1. germanic alphabets. 2. the prehistory of the tribes or peoples who spoke gothic language. germanic tribes used 3 (three) different alphabets for their writings. these alphabets partly succeeded each other in time. the earliest of these was the runic alphabet, each separate letter being called rune. runes have a very peculiar look for eyes accustomed to modern european alphabets. next comes ulfila's gothic alphabet (4th century). this is the alphabet of ulfila's gothic translation of the bible, a peculiar alphabet based on the greek alphabet, with some admixture of latin and runic letters. in editions of the gothic text a latin transcription of the gothic alphabet is used. the latest alphabet to be …

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