the respiratory system

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Updated Dec 2025

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skeletal system the respiratory system * means by which air is moved in and out the lung continuously resp syst divisions ventilatory conducting respiratory parts function parts parts diaphragm intercostal muscle lung elastic tissue functions nasal cavities nasal sinuses nasopharynx larynx trachea extrapulm bronchi intrapulm bronchi warm-cool humidify filter conduct incoming air functions resp bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli terminal bronchi nasal cavity vestibule respiratory olfactory skin glands vibrissae conchae mucus vasculature structure mucosa perichondrium epithelium lamina prop location epith sustentacular olfactory basal shape nucleus cytoplasm free end bipolar nerve nucleus dendrites axons shape stem cells lamina pro bowman's gl respiratory system nasal sinuses pharynx larynx concept types structure frontal maxillary sphenoidal mucosa functions nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx ethmoid trachea iintrapulmonary bronchus bronchiole mucosa submucosa cartilage epithelium lamina prop mucosa muscle layer adventitia elastic lamina ciliated cells goblet cells basal cells brush cells granule cells serous cells migratory cells adventitia …

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ge no glands cartilage & glands 1o 2o 3o pleural ‘space’ visceral pleura alveolar duct elastic fibers in bronchiolar, ductal and alveolar walls parietal pleura chest wall intercostal muscles + ? rib conducting tubes constrictable by muscle respiration devices nerve from brainstem for respiratory drive to mesothelium pleural ‘space’ visceral pleura alveolar duct elastic fibers in bronchiolar, ductal and alveolar walls parietal pleura chest wall intercostal muscles + ? rib conducting tubes constrictable by muscle respiration devices nerve from brainstem for respiratory drive to mesothelium slippery elastic pulls in muscles pull out terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolus alveolar sac alveolar duct visceral pleura nasal cavity nasal cavity vestibule respiratory olfactory skin glands vibrissae conchae mucus vasculature structure mucosa perichondrium epithelium lamina prop location epith sustentacular olfactory basal shape nucleus cytoplasm free end bipolar nerve nucleus dendrites axons shape stem cells lamina pro bowman's gl nasal cavity & paranasal …

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cular cells – tall columnar cells with microvilli. provide physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory cells. basal cells – stem cells to replace olfactory and sustentacular cells. bowman’s glands – provide serous fluid to refresh olfactory cilia. basal cell olfactory cell sustentacular cell bowman’s gland dendrite olfactory vesicle olfactory cilia * olfactory epithelium, olfactory epithelium olfactory cell sustentacular cell basal cell * olfactory mucosa trachea trachealis smooth muscle epithelium pseudostratified columnar ciliated, with goblet cells longitudinal elastic fibers in lamina propria adventitia lumen (not as small) submucosal sero-mucous glands help produce mucus 16-20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage prevent the trachea from collapsing. the trachea mucosa lined with respiratory epithelium which continuously propels mucus and debris towards the larynx submucosal sero-mucous glands help produce mucus ‘sheets’ 16-20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage prevent the trachea from collapsing. closed posteriorly by trachealis (smooth) muscle - allows oesophagus to expand …

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resp. epithelium becomes lower with fewer goblet and ciliated cells. terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. proportion of smooth muscle increases allowing for constriction (para.) and dilation (symp.) of airways. lumen smooth muscle clara cells * the bronchioles: the mucosa is folded and lined with simple ciliated columnar epithelium and clara cells (no goblet cells). the muscle layer is made of circular smooth muscle fibres. bronchioles have neither glands nor cartilage. clara cells are tall cells with basal rer and apical ser. they secrete a surfactant-like material. the ser may be involved in metabolizing toxins from the inspired air. terminal bronchioles the mucosa is folded and lined with simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium and clara cells (no goblet cells). the muscle layer is made of circular smooth muscle fibres bronchioles have neither glands nor cartilage. clara cells are tall cells with basal rer and apical ser. they secrete a …

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iliated cells alveoli thin-walled outpocketings sites where gas exchange occurs terminal bronchiole alveolar duct alveoli respiratory bronchioles respiratory bronchioles respiratory bronchioles – first structures in respiratory zone, alveoli arise from their walls, terminate in alveolar ducts alveolar ducts – linear arrangements of alveoli, lined with type i cells, isolated regions of smooth muscle cells in lamina propria between adjacent alveoli, lead to alveolar sacs * alveolar ducts and spaces alveolar ducts and sacs alveolar ducts: elongated airways with few walls alveoli act as their peripheral boundary alveolar sacs: surrounded by clusters of alveoli which open up into these spaces alveoli (surrounded by fine elastic fibers) bronchus (cartilage & smooth muscle in wall) bronchiole ( no cartilage, just smooth muscle in wall) terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole (alveoli off walls) alveolar duct alveolar capillary network * alveoli terminal air spaces -- alveoli actual site of gas exchange between air and blood 100 …

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skeletal system the respiratory system * means by which air is moved in and out the lung continuously resp syst divisions ventilatory conducting respiratory parts function parts parts diaphragm intercostal muscle lung elastic tissue functions nasal cavities nasal sinuses nasopharynx larynx trachea extrapulm bronchi intrapulm bronchi warm-cool humidify filter conduct incoming air functions resp bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli terminal bronchi nasal cavity vestibule respiratory olfactory skin glands vibrissae conchae mucus vasculature structure mucosa perichondrium epithelium lamina prop location epith sustentacular olfactory basal shape nucleus cytoplasm free end bipolar nerve nucleus dendrites axons shape stem cells lamina pro bowman's gl respiratory system nasal sinuses p...

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