unit 5 - politics, economy and social processes from the early 16th to the end of the 18th c’s

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defining research unit 5 politics, economy and social processes from the early 16th to the end of the 18th c’s outlines conflict between the christian kingdom and the sultanate of adal and after foreign intervention and religious controversies population movements population movements of the argoba, afar, and somali gadaa system and oromo population movement (1522-1618) the gadaa system the oromo population movement (1522-1618) interaction and integration across ethnic and religious diversities peoples and states in eastern, central, southern and western regions the gondarine period and zemene mesafint 5.1. conflict between the christian kingdom and the sultanate of adal and after the revival of long-distance trade caused competition and struggle for control over the trade routes between the christian kingdom and the muslim principalities. this was followed by a series of wars, which were depicted as wars for religious supremacy in historical accounts of christian and muslim clerics. causes of the …

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garad abun of adal, who during his few years in power called for islamic puritanism. for centuries, lowland inhabiting muslim pastoralists had wanted to expand to high plateaus for better and enough pasturelands and their attempt was held back by the christian army. with increased population and overgrazing in somali and afar of eastern ethiopia, between the 13th and 16th centuries, raiding and counter-raiding at water holes or animal rustling intensified. it was one of the imam’s remarkable achievements in leadership that he mobilized the pastoral communities of the afar, the somali, the harla, harari and others to a common cause. he convinced them not to fight amongst themselves but to unite and expand to the christian kingdom and resolve their pressing material needs while at the same time keep islamic believes. the course of the war: lebne-dengel was enthroned when he was only eleven. assisted by the elderly elleni …

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one of the most decisive engagement at the battle of shimbra kure in 1529, near present day mojo. after the victory, the imam’s army made a large-scale control of the territories of the christian kingdom including shewa, amhara, lasta, and moved as far north as mereb melash. the process of conquest/futuh al habasha/ ahmad resumed an overall invasion of christian territories in 1531 and occupied dawaro and shawa. by 1535, he brought most parts of the country under his control. he continued his devastating conquest without any effective resistance and reached the present provinces of tigray and eritrea and along the red sea coast. by 1535, imam ahmed’s empire stretched from zeila to massawa on the coast including the ethiopian interior. however, despite his success in crushing the christian army, ahmad was not able to capture libne dingel, who remained fugitive and died in the 1540 in the monastery of …

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an court in 1541christopher da gama. the portuguese army, in august 1542 the christian army was defeated in ofla, in today's southern tigray. but, in the battle, about 200 portuguese and their leader christopher da gama were killed and the leader was beheaded. an important anecdote that should be mentioned here is the role of lebne-dengel's wife seblewongel. she is said to have participated in the war against imam ahmed in 1542. after the success, imam ahmed was confident about his army’s, he sent his allies back home and let his army camp. on the part of the christians, preparations were made for final confrontation under the leadership of emperor gelawdewos (r.1540-59). the queen mother, seble-wongel, advised the reigning emperor how to prepare and march for the battle of woyna-dega. due to limited resources, the monarch employed hit and run strategy, which severely affected imam’s army. imam ahmed’s army could …

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ting soldiers of the sultanate of adal, - the ottoman turks, -jesuit interlude, and - oromo that advanced into the center. adal under the leadership of nur ibn al-waazir mujahid was ready to wage war against the christian state for revenge. in 1559, the forces of emir nur confronted gelawdewos and killed the king himself. emperor minas (r.1559-1563) who succeeded gelawdewos defeated the turks' force and reclaimed territories in the coast including dabarwa. however, in the early 1560s, yishaq revolted and allied with the turks against him. similarly, sartsa-dengle (r.1563-1598) had to defend the turks while fighting with the agaw, gumuz, bete-israel, sidama, enarya and the oromo. consequences of the war the muslim-christian conflict had resulted in a number of consequences. one of the most obvious was the huge human and material cost. ahmed gragn also burnt so many historical churches and monasteries with their invaluable heritage possessions and their …

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defining research unit 5 politics, economy and social processes from the early 16th to the end of the 18th c’s outlines conflict between the christian kingdom and the sultanate of adal and after foreign intervention and religious controversies population movements population movements of the argoba, afar, and somali gadaa system and oromo population movement (1522-1618) the gadaa system the oromo population movement (1522-1618) interaction and integration across ethnic and religious diversities peoples and states in eastern, central, southern and western regions the gondarine period and zemene mesafint 5.1. conflict between the christian kingdom and the sultanate of adal and after the revival of long-distance trade caused competition and struggle for control over the trade routes between t...

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