modal verbs

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can modal verbs needn’t must – have to / have got to can – could may – might will – would shall – should – ought to they take no “-s” in the third person singular (except for have to and need). eg. she can swim. but: he needs to read the article. we do not use do/does with modal verbs to form negatives, questions or short answers. they come before the subject in questions and are followed by 'not' in negations. (except for ought to). modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to. eg. sorry, i can't come. madal verbs the machine can be used for cutting bread. these words don’t have to be learnt by heart. people in hospitals ought to be visited. difficult rules must be explained. рычкова н.и. be + v3 will can may must should ought to have to modal verbs + passive voice …

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можно permission can – неофициально may* – официально asking for permission: *may i… and could i… are equally polite. could* – более вежливо и официальнее might – более официально can i borrow your pen? could i borrow your car? may i use your phone? might i see your driving licence, please? can (informal) / could (more formal and polite) eg. ~ can / could i interrupt you for a second? may (formal) / might (very formal) eg. ~ may / might i speak to the bank manager, please? can (informal; giving permission) note: could is not used in the present to give permission may (formal; giving permission - also used in written notices or formal announcements) mustn't / can't (informal - refusing permission) may not (formal - refusing permission) asking for permission: giving or refusing permission: * can / be allowed to (to talk about the future or present) could …

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stand, etc. we normally use 'could' for single actions. eg. she could / was able to play the violin when she was six. (repeated action) i could smell something burning. (single action) (not: i was able to smell ... ) ability can - more usual and less formal be able to ability in the present / future: eg. ann can type fast. i can pay you next week. (usual) i will be able to pay you next week. (less usual) ability could / was able to can both be used in negations and questions for either repeated or single actions. eg. she couldn't / wasn't able to pass her driving test. (past single action) were you able to / could you get to work every day'last week? (past repeated action) can is used in the present. could is the past tense of can. we use be able to to form …

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/ ought to get them checked out. sasha: my tyres are fine. i've only had them seven years. georgina: seven years! well, no wonder! you 3) should / had better have replaced them ages ago. sasha: really? well, you 4) could / had better have told me before. ok, i'll go to a mechanic. but who? 5) shall / ought to i go to yours? georgina: why not? he's really good. you 6) had better / hadn't better call him today, though because he's going away on holiday next week. sasha: ok, i will. thanks. next move - 4 obligation you must come to the school now. they have to live on flat land near the sea. we don’t have to lose huge numbers of lives. ability we can reduce the number of people who die. we can’t stop natural disasters. prohibition you mustn’t leave the shelter. you should listen …

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can modal verbs needn’t must – have to / have got to can – could may – might will – would shall – should – ought to they take no “-s” in the third person singular (except for have to and need). eg. she can swim. but: he needs to read the article. we do not use do/does with modal verbs to form negatives, questions or short answers. they come before the subject in questions and are followed by 'not' in negations. (except for ought to). modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to. eg. sorry, i can't come. madal verbs the machine can be used for cutting bread. these words don’t have to be learnt by heart. people …

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