weak declension of nouns

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theme: theme: weak declension of nouns teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the grammar of old english differs a lot from modern english, predominantly being much more inflected. as a germanic language, old english has a morphological system similar to that of the proto-germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in proto-indo-european and also including constructions characteristic of the germanic daughter languages such as the umlaut.[1] among living languages, old english morphology most closely resembles that of modern icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the germanic languages. to a lesser extent, it resembles modern german. pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected, with four grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative), and a vestigial instrumental,[2] two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). first and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition …

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h retains all three genders of proto-indo-european: masculine, feminine, and neuter. each noun belongs to one of the three genders, while adjectives and determiners take different forms depending on the gender of the noun they describe. the word for "the" or "that" is sē with a masculine noun, sēo with a feminine noun, and þæt (which sounds like “that”) with a neuter noun. adjectives change endings: for instance, since hring ("ring") is masculine and cuppe ("cup") is feminine, a golden ring is gylden hring, while a golden cup is gyldenu cuppe. only a few nouns referring to people have a grammatical gender that does not match their natural gender, as in the neuter word mæġden ("girl"). in such cases, adjectives and determiners follow grammatical gender, but pronouns follow natural gender: þæt mæġden sēo þǣr stent, canst þū hīe? ("the girl who [feminine] is standing there, do you know her?").[5] when …

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means by which a noun's gender can be predicted or remembered (due to various techniques). for example, the old english names of metals are neuter, not because they are metals, but because these words historically ended with sounds that can be assigned as neuter. below are means of predicting/remembering gender. in general, a thing that has biological sex will have that same gender; masculine fæder ("father") and feminine mōdor ("mother"), masculine cyning ("king") and feminine cwēn ("queen"), masculine munuc ("monk") and feminine nunne ("nun"), etc. the three major exceptions are neuter wīf ("woman", "wife") and mæġden ("girl"), and masculine wīfmann ("woman"). animal names that refer only to males are masculine (e.g. hana "rooster," henġest "stallion," eofor "boar," fearr "bull," ramm "ram," and bucc "buck"), and animal names that refer only to females are feminine (e.g. henn "hen," mīere "mare," sugu "sow," cū "cow," eowu "ewe," and dā "doe"). the only …

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predict the gender even of nouns referring to things without biological sex: nouns ending in -a are almost all masculine. the exceptions are a small number of learned borrowings from latin, such as italia ("italy") and discipula ("[female] disciple"). compound words always take the gender of the last part of the compound. that is why wīfmann ("woman") is masculine, even though it means "woman": it is a compound of wīf ("woman") plus the masculine noun mann ("person"). similarly, if a noun ends in a suffix, the suffix determines its gender. nouns ending in the suffixes -oþ, -dōm, -end, -els, -uc, -ling, -ere, -hād, and -sċipe are all masculine, nouns ending in -ung, -þu, -nes, -estre, -rǣden, and -wist are all feminine, and nouns ending in -lāc, -et, -ærn, and -ċen are all neuter. mæġden ("girl") is neuter because it ends in the neuter diminutive suffix -en. letters of the alphabet …

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hich can refer to both males and females, like modern english "waiter," and a separate term which refers only to females, like modern english "waitress." several different suffixes are used to specify females: -en is added to miscellaneous words such as god ("god") → gyden ("goddess"), ielf ("elf") → ielfen ("female elf"), þeġn ("servant") → þiġnen ("female servant"), þēow ("slave") → þiewen ("female slave"), and nēahġebūr ("neighbor") → nēahġebȳren ("female neighbor"). -estre is the female equivalent of -ere and -end, both meaning "-er." it is used on many nouns such as sangere ("singer") → sangestre ("female singer"), lufiend ("lover") → lufestre ("female lover"), bæcere ("baker") → bæcestre, tæppere ("bartender") → tæppestre, and forspennend ("pimp") → forspennestre. -e is the female equivalent of -a, which was sometimes a regular noun ending with no meaning and sometimes yet another suffix meaning "-er." examples include wyrhta ("worker") → wyrhte and foregenġa ("predecessor") → …

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theme: theme: weak declension of nouns teacher: yokutkhon rakhmonkulova the grammar of old english differs a lot from modern english, predominantly being much more inflected. as a germanic language, old english has a morphological system similar to that of the proto-germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in proto-indo-european and also including constructions characteristic of the germanic daughter languages such as the umlaut.[1] among living languages, old english morphology most closely resembles that of modern icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the germanic languages. to a lesser extent, it resembles modern german. pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected, with four grammatical cases (nominative, accusativ...

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