politeness in different culture

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slide 1 politeness in different culture introduction delimiting the concept of politeness politeness as a real-world goal deference versus politeness register politeness as an utterance level phenomenon politeness as an pragmatic phenomenon theories of politeness politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette in the past twenty-five years within pragmatics there has been a great deal of interest in “politeness” to such an extent that politeness theory could almost be seen as a sub-discipline of pragmatics. politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. in this sense, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. showing awareness for another person’s face when that other seems socially distant is often described in terms of respect or difference. introduction the vast literature on politeness which has built up since the late 1970 we find tremendous confusion. the …

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a more general matter of showing (rather, of giving the appearance of showing) consideration to other. deference versus politeness politeness both deference and politeness can be manifested through general social behavior as well as by linguistics means. such as we can show deference by standing up when a person of superior status enters a room, or show politeness by holding a door open to allow someone else to pass through. deference and politeness are distinct, though related systems, by noting that it is possible to be deferential without being polite. register is primarily a sociolinguistic phenomenon: a description of the linguistic forms which generally occur in a particular situation. choice of register has little to do with the strategic use of language and it only becomes of interest to the pragmatics if a speaker deliberately uses unexpected forms in order to change the situation or to challenge the status quo. …

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politeness of a speech act, and unsafe to equate surface linguistic form with politeness is that some speech acts seem almost inherently impolite. politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon defined has focused on writings politeness is interpreted as a strategy (series of a strategies) employed by a speaker to achieve a variety of goals. these strategies may include the strategies use of the conventional politeness strategies but also include a range of other strategies, including many forms of conventional and non-conventional indirectness. politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon politeness explained in terms of principles and maxims before leech, there are two main approaches to politeness. firstly lakoff sees grice’s rules as essentially rules of clarity, and proposes that there are two prior rules of pragmatic competence: “be clear” and “be polite”. here, clarity amounts to a condensed version of the gricean maxims, while politeness serves to avoid conflicts between participants. she proposes …

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t you out, but could you close the window? impersonalizing: the management requires all windows to be closed. brown and levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in four strategies, which correspond to these examples: the bald on-record strategy: does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer's “face” examples: an emergency: help! task oriented: give me those! request: put your jacket away. alerting: turn your lights on! (while driving) the positive politeness strategy: shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected. it also confirms that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity. examples: attend to the hearer: you must be hungry, it's a long time since breakfast. how about some lunch? avoid disagreement: a: what is she, small? b: yes, yes, she's small, smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big assume agreement: so when are you coming to see us? hedge opinion: you …

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ple are so often indirect in conveying what they mean. he thus puts forward pp so as to rescue the cp in the sense that pp can satisfactorily explain exception to and apparent deviations from the cp. by employing an utterance which is ambivalent (i.e. one which has more than one potential pragmatics force), it is possible to convey messages which the hearer is liable to find disagreeable without causing undue offence. the pragmatic force will be ambivalent and it is left to the readers to decide (a) what the precise force of the message is and (b) whether or not it applies to them. ambivalent and politeness example: if you want to enjoy the full flavour of your food and drink you will, naturally, not smoke during the meal. moreover, if you did smoke you would also be impairing enjoyment of other guests. at a very expensive gourmet restaurant, …

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slide 1 politeness in different culture introduction delimiting the concept of politeness politeness as a real-world goal deference versus politeness register politeness as an utterance level phenomenon politeness as an pragmatic phenomenon theories of politeness politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette in the past twenty-five years within pragmatics there has been a great deal of interest in “politeness” to such an extent that politeness theory could almost be seen as a sub-discipline of pragmatics. politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. in this sense, politeness can be accomplished in situations of social distance or closeness. showing awareness for another person’s face when that other see...

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