topografik kartalarni o'qish va o'rganish

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ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout1.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout2.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout3.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout4.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout5.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout6.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout7.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout8.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout9.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout10.xml ppt/slidelayouts/slidelayout11.xml ppt/slidemasters/slidemaster1.xml ppt/theme/theme1.xml ppt/slides/slide1.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide1.xml ppt/slides/slide2.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide2.xml ppt/slides/slide3.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide3.xml ppt/slides/slide4.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide4.xml ppt/slides/slide5.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide5.xml ppt/slides/slide6.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide6.xml ppt/slides/slide7.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide7.xml ppt/slides/slide8.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide8.xml ppt/slides/slide9.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide9.xml ppt/slides/slide10.xml ppt/notesslides/notesslide10.xml ppt/notesmasters/notesmaster1.xml ppt/theme/theme2.xml ppt/presprops.xml ppt/viewprops.xml ppt/tablestyles.xml ppt/fonts/font1.fntdata ppt/fonts/font2.fntdata ppt/fonts/font3.fntdata ppt/fonts/font4.fntdata ppt/fonts/font5.fntdata ppt/fonts/font6.fntdata ppt/fonts/font7.fntdata ppt/fonts/font8.fntdata ppt/fonts/font9.fntdata ppt/fonts/font10.fntdata docprops/app.xml docprops/core.xml docprops/custom.xml ppt/media/image1.png ppt/media/image10.png ppt/media/image11.png ppt/media/image12.png ppt/media/image13.png ppt/media/image14.png ppt/media/image15.png ppt/media/image16.png ppt/media/image17.png ppt/media/image2.png ppt/media/image3.png ppt/media/image4.png ppt/media/image5.png ppt/media/image6.png ppt/media/image7.png ppt/media/image8.png ppt/media/image9.png ppt/presentation.xml _rels/.rels ppt/notesmasters/_rels/notesmaster1.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide1.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide10.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide2.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide3.xml.rels ppt/

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notesslides/_rels/notesslide4.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide5.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide6.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide7.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide8.xml.rels ppt/notesslides/_rels/notesslide9.xml.rels ppt/_rels/presentation.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout1.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout10.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout11.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout2.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout3.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout4.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout5.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout6.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout7.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout8.xml.rels ppt/slidelayouts/_rels/slidelayout9.xml.rels ppt/slidemasters/_rels/slidemaster1.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide1.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide10.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide2.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide3.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide4.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide5.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide6.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide7.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide8.xml.rels ppt/slides/_rels/slide9.xml.rels [content_types].xml topografik kartalarni o'qish va o'rganish reja: 1. masshtab va uning ahamiyati 2.topografik xaritalarda shartli belgilar 3. koordinata orttirmalari va yo'nalish burchagi topografik xaritalar nima? topografik xarita - bu yer yuzasining matematik qonuniyatlarga asoslangan grafik tasviri bo'lib, uning yordamida joyning geografik xususiyatlari, relyefi va undagi barcha obyektlar aniq masshtabda ko'rsatiladi. geodeziya amaliyotida asosan quyidagi masshtabdagi xaritalardan foydalaniladi: yirik masshtabli: 1:10 000 o'rta masshtabli: 1:25 000, 1:50 000 mayda masshtabli: 1:100 000 va undan kichik har bir xarita o'z masshtab nomi bilan ataladi va turli maqsadlarda qo'llaniladi. masalan, 1:10 000 masshtabli xaritalar shaharsozlik va loyihalash ishlarida, 1:100 000 masshtabli xaritalar esa keng hududlarni o'rganishda foyd

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alaniladi. masshtab va uning ahamiyati 1 masshtab tushunchasi masshtab - bu xaritadagi masofa bilan yer yuzasidagi haqiqiy masofa o'rtasidagi nisbat. masalan, 1:10 000 masshtabda xaritadagi 1 sm joyda 10 000 sm (100 m) masofaga teng. 2 masshtab turlari sonli masshtab: 1:25 000 ko'rinishida chiziqli masshtab: grafik chiziq ko'rinishida ko'ndalang masshtab: aniq o'lchash uchun 3 amaliy ahamiyati masshtab yordamida xaritada: nuqtalar orasidagi masofalarni o'lchash maydonlarni hisoblash relyef balandliklarini aniqlash mumkin topografik xaritalarda shartli belgilar topografik xaritalarda barcha obyektlar shartli belgilar yordamida tasvirlanadi. bu belgilar xalqaro standartlarga muvofiq bo'lib, kartani o'qishni osonlashtiradi. shartli belgilar turlari: tabiiy obyektlar: o'rmonlar, daryolar, ko'llar, tog'lar sun'iy obyektlar: binolar, yo'llar, ko'priklar, elektr liniyalari chegara va ma'muriy belgilar geodezik punktlar va belgilar har bir belgi o'zining rangi, shakli va ko'rinishiga ega bo'lib, bu ma'lumotlarni to'g'ri talqin qilishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. geografik koordinatalarni aniqlash geografik koordinatalar - bu nuqtaning yer sharida joylashgan o'rnini kenglik va uzoqlik orqali ifodalash …

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tr to'rlarigacha masofa o'lchanadi 2. o'lchangan masofa xarita masshtabiga ko'paytiriladi 3. hisoblangan qiymat jadvalga kiritiladi amaliy qo'llanilishi to'g'ri burchakli koordinatalar geodezik ishlarda, qurilishda va yer o'lchash amaliyotida keng qo'llaniladi. bu tizim yordamida joydagi nuqtalarni aniq belgilash mumkin. koordinata orttirmalari va yo'nalish burchagi koordinata orttirmalari ikki nuqta orasidagi koordinata farqi "orttirma" deb ataladi va quyidagicha hisoblanadi: bu orttirmalar yordamida ikki nuqta orasidagi masofa aniqlanadi: yo'nalish burchagi direksion burchak - bu shartli meridian yo'nalishi bilan berilgan yo'nalish orasidagi burchak. u soat mili yo'nalishida 0° dan 360° gacha o'lchanadi. burchakni aniqlash uchun: transportir yordamida o'lchash koordinata orttirmalari orqali hisoblash zamonaviy texnologiyalar va gat aerofotosyomka zamonaviy aerofotosyomka va masofadan zondlash texnologiyalari yordamida yuqori aniqlikdagi xaritalar yaratilmoqda. dronlar va maxsus kameralar yordamida istalgan hududning 3d modellari ham tuzilishi mumkin. geoinformatsion tizimlar (gat) gat dasturlari (arcgis, qgis) topografik ma'lumotlarni raqamli ko'rinishda saqlash, tahlil qilish va vizualizatsiya qilish imkoniyatini beradi. bu tizimlar yordamida murakkab fazoviy tahlillar o'tkaziladi. …

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nishni mashq qiling foydalanilgan adabiyotlar asosiy manbalar mirzaliyev t. "geodeziya va kartografiya asoslari", toshkent, 2019 egamberdiyev a. "topografik xaritalar bilan ishlash", o'qituvchi, 2018 abdullayev i. "zamonaviy geodezik o'lchashlar", fan, 2020 turdiyev s. "geoinformatsion tizimlar va ularning amaliy ahamiyati", toshkent, 2021 qo'chqorov a. "geodeziya amaliyoti", universitet, 2017 qo'shimcha resurslar o'zbekiston respublikasi yer resurslari va davlat kadastri qo'mitasi rasmiy veb-sayti xalqaro geodeziya va kartografiya assotsiatsiyasi materiallari esri o'quv materiallari - arcgis platformasi uchun o'zbekiston milliy universiteti geodeziya kafedrasi o'quv qo'llanmalari click to edit master text styles second level third level fourth level fifth level 0 5420 wps presentation on-screen show (16:9) 175 10 10 0 0 false 已用的字体 13 主题 1 幻灯片标题 10 arial simsun wingdings alice alice alice lora lora lora calibri microsoft yahei arial unicode ms calibri light office theme powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 powerpoint 演示文稿 …

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