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theme: sports plan: 1. the sport 2. history 3. .traditional african sports 4. .traditional asian sports 5. conclusion 6. references 1.the sport sports, physical contests pursued for the goals and challenges they entail. sports are part of every culture past and present, but each culture has its own definition of sports. the most useful definitions are those that clarify the relationship of sports to play, games, and contests. “play,” wrote the german theorist carl diem, “is purposeless activity, for its own sake, the opposite of work.” humans work because they have to; they play because they want to. play is autotelic—that is, it has its own goals. it is voluntary and uncoerced. recalcitrant children compelled by their parents or teachers to compete in a game of football (soccer) are not really engaged in a sport. neither are professional athletes if their only motivation is their paycheck. in the real world, …

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erent from leapfrog and playing house. the first two games are competitive, the second two are not. one can win a game of basketball, but it makes no sense to ask who has won a game of leapfrog. in other words, chess and basketball are contests. 2.history sports, then, can be defined as autotelic (played for their own sake) physical contests. on the basis of this definition, one can devise a simple inverted-tree diagram. despite the clarity of the definition, difficult questions arise. is mountain climbing a sport? it is if one understands the activity as a contest between the climber and the mountain or as a competition between climbers to be the first to accomplish an ascent. are the drivers at the indianapolis 500 automobile race really athletes? they are if one believes that at least a modicum of physical skill is required for winning the competition. the point …

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ey were sports in the most rigorously defined sense. 3.traditional african sports it is unlikely that the 7th-century islamic conquest of north africa radically altered the traditional sports of the region. as long as wars were fought with bow and arrow, archery contests continued to serve as demonstrations of ready prowess. the prophet muhammad specifically authorized horse races, and geography dictated that men race camels as well as horses. hunters, too, took their pleasures on horseback. among the many games of north africa was ta kurt om el mahag (“the ball of the pilgrim’s mother”), a berber bat-and-ball contest whose configuration bore an uncanny resemblance to baseball. koura, more widely played, was similar to football (soccer). cultural variation among black africans was far greater than among the arab peoples of the northern littoral. ball games were rare, but wrestling of one kind or another was ubiquitous. wrestling’s forms and functions …

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d with each other. among the kole, it was the kin of the bride and the bridegroom who wrestled. stick fights, which seem to have been less closely associated with religious practices, were common among many tribes, including the zulu and mpondo of southern africa. 4.traditional asian sports like the highly evolved civilizations of which they are a part, traditional asian sports are ancient and various. competitions were never as simple as they seemed to be. from the islamic middle east across the indian subcontinent to china and japan, wrestlers—mostly but not exclusively male—embodied and enacted the values of their cultures. the wrestler’s strength was always more than a merely personal statement. more often than not, the men who strained and struggled understood themselves to be involved in a religious endeavour. prayers, incantations, and rituals of purification were for centuries an important aspect of the hand-to-hand combat of islamic wrestlers. …

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f japanese tradition. a somewhat arbitrary distinction can be made between wrestling and the many forms of unarmed hand-to-hand combat categorized as martial arts. the emphasis of the latter is military rather than religious, instrumental rather than expressive. chinese wushu (“military skill”), which included armed as well as unarmed combat, was highly developed by the 3rd century bce. its unarmed techniques were especially prized within chinese culture and were an important influence on the martial arts of korea, japan, and southeast asia. much less well known in the west are varma adi (“hitting the vital spots”) and other martial arts traditions of south asia. in the early modern era, as unarmed combat became obsolete, the emphasis of asian martial arts tended to shift back toward religion. this shift can often be seen in the language of sports. japanese kenjutsu (“techniques of the sword”) became kendō (“the way of the sword”). …

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theme: sports plan: 1. the sport 2. history 3. .traditional african sports 4. .traditional asian sports 5. conclusion 6. references 1.the sport sports, physical contests pursued for the goals and challenges they entail. sports are part of every culture past and present, but each culture has its own definition of sports. the most useful definitions are those that clarify the relationship of sports to play, games, and contests. “play,” wrote the german theorist carl diem, “is purposeless activity, for its own sake, the opposite of work.” humans work because they have to; they play because they want to. play is autotelic—that is, it has its own goals. it is voluntary and uncoerced. recalcitrant children compelled by their parents or teachers …

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